Introduction
Frankfurt am Main, Germany's fifth-largest city, is a vibrant metropolis known for its unique blend of historic charm and modern sophistication. Situated on the banks of the River Main, this financial powerhouse boasts a striking skyline that has earned it the nickname "Mainhattan". With a population of approximately 763,000, Frankfurt is a multicultural hub where old and new coexist harmoniously. The city centre features the restored Römerberg square with its half-timbered buildings, whilst the surrounding areas are dotted with world-class museums, beautiful parks, and a thriving cultural scene. Home to the European Central Bank and one of the world's busiest airports, Frankfurt serves as a major transportation nexus. Visitors can explore attractions such as the Gothic-style Frankfurt Cathedral, the Goethe House museum, and the modern Main Tower for panoramic city views. The city is also renowned for its trade fairs, including the Frankfurt Book Fair, and its traditional apple wine taverns in the Sachsenhausen district.
Frankfurt am Main is the largest financial centre in continental Europe, as well as the seat of the European Central Bank and Bundesbank. With over 200 banks with registered offices, including the headquarters of the major German banks, the city has been nicknamed 'Bankfurt' or 'Mainhattan'.
Frankfurt is Germany's fifth largest city, while the greater Frankfurt Rhine-Main region (encompassing Wiesbaden, Mainz, Darmstadt and Aschaffenburg) is the country's second-largest metropolitan region, with 5.8 million inhabitants. Frankfurt Airport is the main hub of Lufthansa, and is one of the world's busiest international airports. Frankfurt Central Station one of the largest terminal stations in Europe, with 350,000 passengers per day.
Interesting Facts about Frankfurt
- Frankfurt am Main derives its name from the Franks who established a river crossing ("Ford of the Franks") around 450 CE after displacing the Alemanni tribe.
- The city’s iconic skyline nicknamed "Mainhattan" contains 17 of Germany’s 18 skyscrapers, including the 259-metre Commerzbank Tower.
- Frankfurters (hot dogs) trace their origins to the city, with records suggesting their creation as early as 1484.
- It is the only city worldwide housing two central banks: the European Central Bank and the German Bundesbank.
- The Frankfurt Book Fair attracts nearly 300,000 visitors annually, making it the largest event of its kind globally.
- Wertheim House on Römerberg square is the only original building surviving from Frankfurt’s pre-WWII old town.
- With 28% of residents holding foreign passports, Frankfurt ranks as Germany’s most international city.
- The Palmengarten botanical garden spans 22 hectares and features exotic plant collections in elaborate greenhouses.
- Traditional Ebbelwoi (apple cider) is served in diamond-patterned glasses from grey stone jugs called Bembels.
- Frankfurt’s 5,000-hectare Stadtwald forest offers 450 km of trails, forming Germany’s largest inner-city woodland.
History
Frankfurt, a city with a rich and diverse history, has been a significant centre of trade and culture for centuries. Its origins date back to at least 3000 BCE, with evidence of continuous settlement on the cathedral hill. The Romans established a military camp here in 83 CE, and by 794, the city was officially documented as Franconovurt, or the City of Franks. During the Middle Ages, Frankfurt became a free imperial city and a key location for the coronation of Roman kings, as decreed by the Golden Bull of 1356. The city's prominence grew further with the establishment of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in the late 16th century, solidifying its role as a financial hub.
The 19th and 20th centuries saw Frankfurt transform into a modern metropolis. The city expanded significantly, incorporating surrounding areas and establishing key institutions such as the Old Opera House in 1880 and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in 1914. Despite suffering extensive damage during World War II, Frankfurt rebuilt itself, preserving its historical landmarks like the Römer and the Frankfurt Cathedral. Post-war, the city emerged as a cosmopolitan centre, becoming the seat of the European Central Bank in 1998 and hosting a diverse population from around the globe.
Today, Frankfurt seamlessly blends its historical heritage with modernity. Visitors can explore the reconstructed Old Town, admire the Gothic architecture of the Frankfurt Cathedral, and walk along the Coronation Path of German kings. The city's vibrant cultural scene, combined with its historical significance, makes it a must-visit destination for travellers seeking a unique blend of the past and the present.
Main Attractions
Frankfurt am Main, Germany's financial hub and a city of contrasts, offers visitors a rich tapestry of historical sites, modern architecture, verdant parks, and vibrant districts. While often overlooked in favour of more tourist-oriented German cities, Frankfurt rewards those who explore it with a unique blend of tradition and innovation. This guide covers the city's most compelling attractions beyond its excellent museums, providing essential information for travellers seeking to experience the true character of this dynamic metropolis.
Römerberg (Market Square)
Römerberg stands as the historic heart of Frankfurt, a picturesque medieval square that has served as the city's central gathering place for centuries. The square is framed by meticulously reconstructed half-timbered houses, their ornate facades creating a striking contrast with the modern skyline visible beyond. These buildings, though largely rebuilt after World War II, faithfully reproduce the architectural style that defined Frankfurt before the war, offering visitors a glimpse into the city's past.
At the western side of the square sits the Römer, Frankfurt's iconic town hall complex. This medieval building has functioned as the city's administrative centre for over 600 years, since 1405 when the city council acquired the property from a wealthy merchant family. The building's distinctive three-gabled facade has become one of Frankfurt's most recognisable symbols. Inside, the Kaisersaal (Emperor's Hall) is particularly noteworthy, adorned with portraits of Holy Roman Emperors and used historically for imperial coronation feasts.
The square is also home to the Fountain of Justice (Gerechtigkeitsbrunnen), a Renaissance-era fountain featuring the statue of Justitia, the Roman goddess of justice. Dating from 1543, it stands as one of the square's oldest surviving elements. During the winter months, Römerberg transforms into a magical Christmas market, one of Germany's largest and most traditional, with wooden stalls selling handicrafts, seasonal treats, and the famous hot apple wine (Apfelwein) that Frankfurt is known for.
Frankfurt Cathedral
The Imperial Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew, commonly known as Frankfurt Cathedral or Kaiserdom, dominates the city's old town skyline with its distinctive red sandstone construction. Though technically not a cathedral in the ecclesiastical sense (as it was never the seat of a bishop), it earned its imperial designation through its profound historical significance. Between 1562 and 1792, this Gothic church served as the coronation site for Holy Roman Emperors, cementing Frankfurt's importance in European history.
The cathedral's imposing 95-metre tower invites visitors to climb its 328 steps for panoramic views across Frankfurt's old town and modern financial district. The ascent, though challenging, rewards climbers with unparalleled vistas of the city's unique architectural juxtaposition. The interior houses numerous treasures, including the Maria Schlaf Altar (Mary's Sleep Altar) from the 15th century, located in the Mary Chapel. The exquisitely carved choir stalls date back to 1352 and represent some of the finest medieval woodwork in Germany.
The cathedral's history has been marked by destruction and renewal. After being damaged by fire in 1867 and again during World War II, it underwent extensive reconstruction, with the most recent comprehensive restoration completed in 2018. The cathedral's resilience mirrors that of Frankfurt itself, a city that has repeatedly risen from the ashes of destruction.
St. Paul's Church
Standing as a powerful symbol of German democracy, St. Paul's Church holds a special place in the nation's political history. This oval-shaped Protestant church, completed in 1833, gained its greatest significance in 1848-49 when it hosted the Frankfurt Parliament, Germany's first freely elected national assembly. Here, delegates drafted a constitution for a unified German state, marking a pivotal moment in the country's journey toward democracy, even though these early democratic efforts were ultimately suppressed.
The church's interior was completely redesigned after World War II, transforming it into a memorial and exhibition space rather than a place of worship. The modern, open interior now hosts exhibitions on democratic movements and serves as a venue for important civic ceremonies and awards. The building's simple yet dignified architecture, with its distinctive round shape and red sandstone construction, stands in stark contrast to the ornate Gothic style of the nearby cathedral.
Goethe House
In the heart of Frankfurt's old town stands Goethe House the birthplace and childhood home of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany's most celebrated literary figure. Born here in 1749, Goethe spent his formative years in this bourgeois residence before departing for Leipzig to study law. The house provides invaluable insights into upper-middle-class life in 18th-century Frankfurt and the environment that shaped one of history's greatest literary minds.
Meticulously reconstructed after being destroyed during World War II, Goethe House has been restored to its original condition based on detailed records and Goethe's own writings. Visitors can explore four floors of period-appropriate furnishings and family possessions. The ground floor features the kitchen and Goethe's mother's reception room, while the first floor houses the family's music room with a rare pyramid piano from 1745. On the second floor, visitors can see Goethe's famous puppet theatre, which inspired many of his early creative endeavours, and his writing room where he penned his first works.
Adjacent to Goethe House is the Goethe Museum, which contains an extensive collection of paintings from Goethe's era. Together with his house itself, this attraction offers a comprehensive look at Germany’s literary giant’s life and times.
Main Tower
Main Tower, rising boldly from Frankfurt’s financial district at 200 metres tall (240 metres including its antenna), offers public access to its observation deck—one of few skyscrapers in Europe to do so—providing panoramic views across Frankfurt’s skyline. The viewing platform, located at 198 metres, allows visitors to see the city’s unique blend of modern skyscrapers and historical landmarks. On clear days, views extend to the Taunus mountains and the Odenwald forest. The tower also features public art installations in its foyer, including Bill Viola’s video installation "The World of Appearances" and Stephan Huber’s wall mosaic "Frankfurter Treppe / XX. Jahrhundert."
Old Opera House
The Alte Oper, originally constructed in 1880, is one of Frankfurt’s most iconic buildings. Severely damaged during World War II, it was rebuilt in the 1970s and reopened in 1981 as a concert hall. The building’s Renaissance-style facade bears the inscription "Dem Wahren, Schönen, Guten" ("To the true, the beautiful, the good"). Today, it hosts a wide range of performances, including classical concerts, jazz shows, and cultural events. Its location near Opernplatz makes it a central and easily accessible attraction.
Top Museums
Städel Museum: A Journey Through European Art
The Städel Museum stands as Frankfurt's oldest and most revered art institution, a true testament to the city's commitment to cultural preservation. With a vast collection encompassing over 3,000 paintings, 600 sculptures, and an impressive 100,000 drawings and prints, the museum offers a comprehensive survey of European art from the 14th century to the present day. Visitors can immerse themselves in masterpieces from pivotal periods such as the Renaissance, Baroque, and modern eras. The museum's highlights include works by renowned artists like Rembrandt, Dürer, Monet, and Picasso, making it an essential destination for anyone seeking a profound connection with art history. Beyond its permanent collection, the Städel also hosts temporary exhibitions that delve into specific artists, movements, or themes, ensuring a dynamic and ever-evolving experience for repeat visitors. The museum's commitment to research and education further enhances its appeal, with guided tours, lectures, and workshops available for those eager to deepen their understanding of the art on display.
Museum für Moderne Kunst (MMK): A Beacon of Contemporary Expression
The Museum für Moderne Kunst, or MMK, has firmly established itself as one of Europe's most important galleries dedicated to contemporary art. Its collection comprises approximately 5,000 works from over 450 artists, representing a diverse range of styles, media, and perspectives. Here, visitors can encounter iconic pieces by groundbreaking figures such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Francis Bacon, alongside works by emerging artists pushing the boundaries of artistic expression. The museum's striking post-modern building, designed by Viennese architect Hans Hollein, is a work of art in itself, providing a fitting backdrop for the innovative art within. MMK is not merely a repository of art; it is a dynamic platform for dialogue and experimentation, hosting temporary exhibitions, performances, and events that engage with the pressing social and cultural issues of our time. Its commitment to fostering critical thinking and challenging conventional norms makes it a vital hub for the contemporary art scene.
Schirn Kunsthalle: A Stage for Temporary Art Exhibitions
Unlike traditional museums with permanent collections, the Schirn Kunsthalle operates as a major venue for temporary art exhibitions in Frankfurt. This dynamic approach allows the Schirn to present a diverse and ever-changing programme of exhibitions, spanning a wide range of artistic styles, periods, and themes. Over the years, the Schirn has hosted retrospectives of influential artists such as Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, and Alberto Giacometti, providing visitors with in-depth explorations of their oeuvres. The Kunsthalle also showcases thematic exhibitions that delve into specific art movements, historical periods, or contemporary issues, offering fresh perspectives on art history and its relevance to the present day. The Schirn's commitment to accessibility is evident in its engaging presentation of art, with informative displays, interactive elements, and a variety of educational programmes designed to appeal to visitors of all ages and backgrounds. Its central location in Frankfurt's old town makes it easily accessible and a popular destination for both locals and tourists.
Historisches Museum Frankfurt: Unveiling the City's Past
The Historisches Museum Frankfurt stands as one of Europe's largest and most innovative city museums, dedicated to preserving and presenting the rich history of Frankfurt. Through its extensive collection of artifacts, documents, and interactive exhibits, the museum offers a fascinating journey through the city's past, from its origins as a Roman settlement to its present-day status as a global financial hub. The museum's displays creatively showcase Frankfurt's history, incorporating multimedia elements, immersive environments, and thought-provoking narratives. Highlights include a spectacular art project featuring Frankfurt in a snow globe, a miniature world encapsulating the city's unique character, and a huge city model where folding rules represent skyscrapers, illustrating Frankfurt's architectural evolution. Beyond its historical exhibits, the museum also engages with contemporary issues, exploring the challenges and opportunities facing Frankfurt in the 21st century. Its commitment to community engagement is evident in its diverse range of programmes, including guided tours, workshops, and public forums, designed to foster a deeper understanding of Frankfurt's history and its significance in the world.
Goethe House: A Glimpse into Literary History
The Goethe House offers a unique opportunity to step back in time and experience the world of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, one of Germany's most celebrated literary figures. This meticulously restored home provides a fascinating glimpse into the life of a wealthy Frankfurt family during the 18th century. Visitors can explore the rooms where Goethe spent his childhood and early adulthood, gaining insights into his formative experiences and the intellectual environment that shaped his literary genius. Adjacent to the house is a museum dedicated to Goethe's life and works, showcasing original manuscripts, portraits, and other artifacts that illuminate his creative process and his profound impact on German literature and culture. The Goethe House is not merely a historical landmark; it is a living testament to the enduring power of literature and the importance of preserving cultural heritage. Its intimate setting and evocative atmosphere make it a truly memorable destination for anyone interested in German literature, history, or culture.
Senckenberg Natural History Museum: Exploring the Wonders of the Natural World
The Senckenberg Natural History Museum ranks among Germany's largest and most comprehensive natural history museums, offering visitors an unparalleled opportunity to explore the wonders of the natural world. Its vast collection encompasses exhibits on paleontology, geology, and biology, providing a comprehensive overview of the history of life on Earth. Visitors can marvel at full dinosaur skeletons, including a towering Tyrannosaurus rex, and explore exhibits on the origins of the solar system, the evolution of mammals, and the diversity of plant life. The museum's exhibits are designed to be both informative and engaging, incorporating interactive displays, multimedia presentations, and hands-on activities that appeal to visitors of all ages. The Senckenberg Natural History Museum is not merely a repository of specimens; it is a dynamic research institution, with scientists actively engaged in studying the natural world and contributing to our understanding of its complexities.
German Film Museum: Celebrating the Art of Cinema
The German Film Museum celebrates the rich history of cinema, offering a captivating journey through the development of the moving image. Visitors can explore the evolution of filmmaking technology, from the earliest cameras and projectors to the latest digital innovations. The museum features replica studios, allowing visitors to step behind the scenes and experience the magic of movie-making firsthand. Exhibits on special effects reveal the secrets behind some of cinema's most iconic moments, while screenings of classic films offer a chance to relive the golden age of Hollywood and beyond. The German Film Museum is not just for film buffs; it is a place where anyone can discover the power of cinema and its profound impact on our culture and society. Its engaging exhibits, interactive displays, and diverse programming make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in the art of storytelling.
Money Museum: Unveiling the World of Finance
Operated by the Deutsche Bundesbank, the Money Museum offers a fascinating and informative exploration of the world of finance. Through interactive exhibits, visitors can learn about the history of money, the production of cash, and the role of monetary policy in shaping our economy. The museum demystifies complex financial concepts, making them accessible to a wide audience. Highlights include the opportunity to touch a genuine gold bar, a tangible reminder of the value and power of money. The Money Museum is not just for economists and bankers; it is a place where anyone can gain a better understanding of the financial forces that shape our lives. Its engaging exhibits, multimedia presentations, and hands-on activities make it a valuable resource for students, educators, and anyone interested in learning more about the world of finance.
Museum of World Cultures: A Global Tapestry of Art and Artifacts
The Museum of World Cultures offers a unique opportunity to explore the art and artifacts of cultures from around the globe. With over 65,000 items in its collection, the museum showcases the diversity and richness of human creativity. Visitors can admire intricate sculptures from Africa, vibrant textiles from India, elaborate masks from Indonesia, and striking carvings from Oceania. The museum's exhibits are designed to promote cross-cultural understanding and appreciation, highlighting the common threads that connect us all. The Museum of World Cultures is not just a place to view objects; it is a space for reflection and dialogue, encouraging visitors to consider the diverse perspectives and experiences of people from different cultures. Its serene environment and thought-provoking exhibits make it a valuable resource for anyone interested in exploring the world beyond their own borders.
Local Cuisine
Frankfurt's local cuisine offers a delightful array of traditional German specialities that reflect the city's rich culinary heritage. No visit would be complete without sampling Grüne Soße, a yoghurt-based sauce made with seven specific herbs, typically served with hard-boiled eggs, potatoes or Schnitzel. Another must-try is Handkäs mit Musik, a distinctive sour milk cheese marinated in vinegar and oil, topped with chopped onions—the 'musik' referring to the after-effects of the onions. Frankfurter Wurst, the city's namesake sausage, is traditionally served with bread, mustard and sauerkraut. For a truly authentic experience, head to Sachsenhausen to enjoy these dishes in rustic apple wine pubs, where you can sample Apfelwein (apple cider)—Frankfurt's signature drink served in special cups called Bembele. Round off your culinary journey with Frankfurter Kranz, a crown-shaped sponge cake layered with buttercream and jam, adorned with cherries that symbolise rubies from the crowns of German emperors once crowned in Frankfurt.
Shopping
Frankfurt offers diverse shopping experiences across several key areas. The Zeil, a 1.2-kilometre pedestrianised street, serves as the city's main shopping district with major retail chains, department stores like Galeria Kaufhof, and international brands such as H&M and Zara. For luxury shopping, Goethestraße (nicknamed 'Luxusgasse') houses high-end designers including Gucci, Prada, Louis Vuitton and Chanel. The MyZeil shopping centre features approximately 100 shops within its striking architectural design with a curved glass façade. Other notable shopping areas include Berger Straße with its bohemian atmosphere and independent boutiques, and Schweizer Straße in Sachsenhausen for unique shops and galleries. For food enthusiasts, Kleinmarkthalle offers fresh produce and international delicacies, while weekly markets operate at Konstablerwache Square (Saturdays and Thursdays) and Schillerstrasse (Fridays). Most shops open Monday to Saturday from 9:00/10:00 to 20:00/21:00, with all shops closed on Sundays.
Nature in and around Frankfurt
Parks & Gardens
The Frankfurt Zoo, founded in 1858, houses over 4,500 animals from around 500 species within its compact yet well-designed grounds. Highlights include the Exotarium with reptiles and aquatic species as well as themed enclosures replicating natural habitats. The zoo is known for its conservation efforts and educational programmes.
Palmengarten, one of Germany's largest botanical gardens, spans over 20 hectares and showcases plants from diverse climate zones. Its centrepiece is the Palm House, an 18-metre-high glass structure housing tropical vegetation. Additional highlights include themed gardens such as the Rose Garden and Rock Garden, as well as seasonal exhibitions and cultural events. Visitors can also enjoy boat rentals on a small lake within the garden grounds.
Grüneburgpark, located in Frankfurt's Westend district, offers 29 hectares of green space perfect for relaxation or leisurely strolls. Once part of a Rothschild family estate, this park features rolling lawns, mature trees, and a Korean Garden gifted by Frankfurt’s sister city Seoul. It also houses Goethe University’s botanical garden with over 5,000 plant species.
The Frankfurt City Forest (Stadtwald) is Germany’s largest inner-city forest, covering approximately 58 square kilometres. It offers extensive walking and cycling paths, nature trails with educational displays, rest huts, playgrounds, and ponds. This forest has been owned by the city since 1372 and serves as both a recreational area and an important ecological resource.
The Main River Promenade provides scenic walking and cycling paths along both banks of the river. The northern bank features the Nizza Garden with Mediterranean plants thriving in its microclimate. On the southern bank lies Museumsufer (Museum Embankment), home to several cultural institutions and a popular flea market on Saturdays. The pedestrian Eiserner Steg (Iron Bridge), adorned with love locks, offers stunning views of Frankfurt’s skyline.
Outside Frankfurt
Frankfurt and its surrounding areas offer a wealth of natural attractions for outdoor enthusiasts. The Taunus Hills Nature Park, just outside the city, is a popular destination for hiking, cycling, and winter sports, featuring 210 hiking trails spanning 1,168 km. The park's diverse landscape includes the Upper Taunus slopes, the Taunus Ridge, and the tranquil River Lahn. Within Frankfurt itself, the green belt comprises woods, meadows, parks, and recreational areas, making up about a third of the city's area. Other notable natural spots include the Rheingau region, known for its vineyards and the Rheinsteig hiking route; the Vogelsberg, Central Europe's largest continuous volcanic region; and the Odenwald, a densely wooded low mountain range. For those seeking unique landscapes, the Schwanheimer Düne offers a distinctive ecosystem, while the Lohrberg provides panoramic views of the city and surrounding countryside.
Getting Around
Frankfurt boasts an extensive public transport network, making it easy to navigate the city without a car. The system comprises three main pillars: the S-Bahn (suburban train), U-Bahn (metro) and buses, complemented by an efficient tram network. The U-Bahn features nine lines covering most of Frankfurt, running underground in the city centre and above ground in the suburbs. For scenic travel, hop on one of the ten tram lines weaving through neighbourhoods and landmarks. The S-Bahn connects Frankfurt to nearby cities and includes lines that run to the airport, with trains departing every 15 minutes. Single tickets cost €2.75, with a cheaper €1.85 option available for journeys under 2 kilometres. For frequent travel, consider a day pass at €6.20 (€9.50 for groups up to five) or the Frankfurt Card at €22 for 24 hours, which includes discounts to main attractions. Purchase tickets via the RMV app, from machines at stations, on board buses, or using contactless payment. Night services are available on select U-Bahn, S-Bahn and tram lines during weekends, ensuring you can get around even after hours.
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Frankfurt is during the spring and autumn seasons, particularly from April to May and September to November. These periods offer mild weather, with temperatures ranging from 10°C to 20°C, making it ideal for exploring the city's vibrant culture and outdoor attractions. Spring brings blooming flowers and greenery to the city's parks, while autumn is characterised by stunning fall foliage. Summer, although warm and lively, can be quite crowded and expensive, whereas winter offers a festive atmosphere with Christmas markets but colder temperatures. Overall, visiting during the shoulder seasons provides a pleasant experience with fewer tourists and more reasonable prices.
