Introduction
Bamberg, one of Germany's most beautiful cities, boasts a splendid blend of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles, with the full package of timber-framed houses, stone fortifications and archiepiscopal palaces. The city's remarkably preserved medieval Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, features over 1,300 listed buildings and showcases a harmonious blend of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Built at 262 metres above sea level, this city of 73,300 residents is often called the Franconian Rome due to its religious heritage and hillside setting. The town's layout reflects early medieval urban planning, with religious and secular buildings thoughtfully integrated into the landscape. Key landmarks include the imposing Bamberg Cathedral with its four distinctive towers, the unique Altes Rathaus built on an artificial island, and the picturesque Little Venice district with its historic fishermen's houses along the Regnitz.
Interesting Facts about Bamberg
- Bamberg is renowned for its distinctive rauchbier, a smoky beer brewed using malt dried over open flames.
- The city is built on seven hills, each crowned with a historic church, earning it the nickname "Franconian Rome".
- It is home to the only papal grave north of the Alps, belonging to Pope Clement II in Bamberg Cathedral.
- Bamberg's well-preserved medieval old town became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
- In 1907, locals staged a "Beer War" boycott after a one-pfennig price increase per bottle, successfully reversing the hike.
- The city survived WWII with only 4.6% destruction, preserving over 2,400 timber-framed buildings.
- Denim pioneer Levi Strauss was born in nearby Buttenheim, now home to a museum in his childhood house.
- Between 1595-1631, over 880 people were executed in Bamberg during Europe's last major witch trials.
- Bamberg briefly served as Bavaria's capital from 1919-1921 when Munich's government fled communist uprisings.
- Emperor Henry II declared it the "centre of the world" when establishing it as a Holy Roman Empire capital in 1007.
History
Bamberg's fascinating history spans over a millennium, with its first recorded mention dating back to 902 as the seat of the Babenberg family castle. The city gained significant prominence when Holy Roman Emperor Henry II established it as a bishopric in 1007, aspiring to create a 'second Rome'. The bishops of Bamberg became princes of the empire in the mid-13th century, wielding considerable power and overseeing the construction of magnificent buildings that still stand today. The city's cultural influence peaked in the 18th century when it became the centre of the Enlightenment in southern Germany, attracting notable intellectuals like Hegel and Hoffmann. In 1993, Bamberg's remarkably preserved medieval architecture and cultural significance earned it UNESCO World Heritage status, with more than 1,300 listed buildings gracing its historic centre.
Main Attractions
Historic Centre
Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus)
The Old Town Hall is undoubtedly Bamberg's most iconic landmark, perched on its own island in the middle of the River Regnitz. This architectural marvel dates back to the 14th century and showcases a fascinating blend of styles. One side of the building features beautiful baroque frescoes, while the other boasts intricate half-timbered architecture, symbolising the historic divide between the religious and secular parts of town. The building's unique position and design make it a favourite subject for photographers and artists alike. Inside, visitors can explore the Ludwig Collection, which houses an impressive array of Rococo figurines made from porcelain.
Little Venice (Klein-Venedig)
Along the banks of the River Regnitz lies Little Venice, a picturesque row of historic fishermen's houses that create one of Bamberg's most charming scenes. These half-timbered houses, with their colourful facades and small gardens leading down to the water's edge, date back to the Middle Ages. Originally home to the town's fishermen and their families, these dwellings now stand as a testament to Bamberg's rich history and unique character. For the best views, stroll along the Untere Brücke (Lower Bridge), particularly during sunset when the golden light bathes the houses in a warm glow, creating a truly magical atmosphere.
Bamberg Cathedral
Dominating Bamberg's skyline, the imposing Cathedral of St. Peter and St. George is a masterpiece of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Founded in 1004 by Emperor Henry II, the cathedral boasts four distinctive towers that can be seen from miles around. Inside, visitors are treated to a wealth of artistic and historical treasures. The famous Bamberg Horseman, a life-sized equestrian statue from the 13th century, stands proudly within. The cathedral also houses the tomb of Emperor Henry II and his wife Cunigunde, adorned with intricate carvings by Tilman Riemenschneider. The remarkable medieval choir stalls and the Fürstenportal (Prince's Door) with its detailed stone carvings are further highlights not to be missed.
Alte Hofhaltung (Old Court)
The Alte Hofhaltung, or Old Court, served as the former episcopal residence before the construction of the New Residence. This historic complex, dating back to the 15th and 16th centuries, encircles a beautiful courtyard that epitomises the quintessential German atmosphere. The courtyard is surrounded by wooden balconies adorned with colourful flowers, creating a picturesque scene that seems frozen in time. The timber-framed buildings that make up the complex now house the Historical Museum of Bamberg, where visitors can delve into the city's rich past. During the summer months, the courtyard transforms into an open-air theatre, hosting performances of Shakespeare's plays, adding a touch of cultural flair to this already enchanting location.
New Residence (Neue Residenz)
The New Residence, a grand palace built in the 17th and 18th centuries, showcases the opulent lifestyle of Bamberg's prince-bishops. This impressive baroque structure houses over 40 stately rooms, each adorned with elaborate stucco work, precious tapestries, and an extensive collection of old German and baroque paintings. The Imperial Hall, with its trompe l'oeil ceiling fresco, is particularly breathtaking. However, the true highlight of the New Residence is its magnificent rose garden. Known as the Rosengarten, this formal garden offers a stunning array of over 4,500 roses in summer and provides panoramic views over Bamberg's red-tiled roofs throughout the year. The carefully manicured hedges, ornate fountains, and strategically placed statues make it a perfect spot for a leisurely stroll.
Michelsberg Monastery
Perched atop one of Bamberg's seven hills, Michelsberg Monastery offers a serene retreat and spectacular views over the city. Founded in 1015 by Emperor Henry II, this former Benedictine monastery has a rich history spanning over a millennium. The baroque facade of the church, added in the 17th century, contrasts beautifully with the medieval structures surrounding it. The monastery's extensive gardens, once used by the monks for growing medicinal herbs, now provide a peaceful spot for contemplation and enjoying panoramic vistas of Bamberg. Although the monastery itself is no longer active, parts of the complex now house the Franconian Brewery Museum, where visitors can learn about the region's rich brewing heritage.
Outside the City Centre
Seehof Palace
Located in nearby Memmelsdorf, just a short journey from Bamberg's city centre, Seehof Palace is a stunning example of baroque architecture. Built in the 17th century as a summer residence for the prince-bishops of Bamberg, this magnificent palace features octagonal towers, beautiful arched windows, and extensive grounds. The palace's interior boasts ornate stucco work and frescoes by Giuseppe Appiani, while the surrounding park is a masterpiece of landscape design. The grounds include multiple lakes, cascading fountains, and meticulously manicured gardens. A particular highlight is the restored Orangery, which houses a collection of citrus trees and exotic plants. The palace grounds are free to visit and include a restaurant where visitors can enjoy local specialities while taking in the beautiful surroundings.
Altenburg Castle
Perched atop Bamberg's highest hill, Altenburg Castle has watched over the city since 1109. This medieval fortress offers unparalleled views over Bamberg and the surrounding valleys, making it a popular destination for both history enthusiasts and those seeking panoramic vistas. The castle's long history is evident in its architecture, with Romanesque, Gothic, and Renaissance elements all visible. Visitors can explore the castle's keep, climb the tower for even more spectacular views, and visit the small museum that details the castle's history. The on-site restaurant, housed in the former knights' hall, offers traditional Franconian cuisine along with breathtaking views of the landscape below. The walk up to the castle through the surrounding forest is an attraction in itself, offering a peaceful retreat from the bustling city centre.
Green Spaces
Rose Garden
Adjacent to the New Residence, the Rose Garden (Rosengarten) is a horticultural masterpiece that offers some of the best views over Bamberg's historic rooftops. This formal garden, laid out in the 17th century, features over 4,500 roses of various species and colours, creating a fragrant and visually stunning display during the flowering season from June to October. The garden's symmetrical design, typical of baroque landscaping, includes carefully trimmed hedges, ornate fountains, and classical statues representing the four seasons. While particularly beautiful during spring and summer, the Rose Garden is worth visiting year-round for its panoramic vistas of Bamberg's skyline. The garden's elevated position provides an excellent vantage point to admire the city's architectural gems, including the cathedral's spires and the Old Town Hall.
Hain Park
Stretching along the river and canal, Hain Park is Bamberg's largest green space and a favourite retreat for locals and visitors alike. This English-style landscape park, designed in the early 19th century, offers a peaceful escape from the bustling city centre. The park features tree-lined alleys perfect for leisurely walks or jogging, romantic gazebos ideal for picnics, and numerous benches where one can relax and enjoy the serene surroundings. The park's diverse flora includes both native and exotic species, making it a haven for nature lovers and bird watchers. Throughout the year, Hain Park hosts various events, including open-air concerts and festivals. The park also includes several playgrounds and sports facilities, making it a popular destination for families and fitness enthusiasts. Whether you're looking for a quiet spot to read a book or a scenic route for a bicycle ride, Hain Park offers something for everyone.
Top Museums
Historical Museum Bamberg
Housed in the Alte Hofhaltung, the former prince-bishops' palace near the cathedral, the Historical Museum Bamberg offers a comprehensive journey through the city's past. The museum's extensive collection documents Bamberg's culture and history from prehistory to the present day. Visitors can explore a variety of exhibits, including:
- A permanent painting gallery featuring 100 masterpieces from artists like Lucas Cranach and Pieter Breughel
- An exhibition on civic culture in Bamberg during the 19th century
- The UNESCO award-winning exhibition "In the River of History", which innovatively links Bamberg's river and city history
- A section dedicated to Jewish life in Bamberg since the Middle Ages
During the Christmas season, the museum hosts special nativity scene exhibitions.
Villa Dessauer
This elegant 19th-century villa, once owned by a Jewish hop trader, now serves as Bamberg's modern art gallery. The Villa Dessauer hosts rotating exhibitions of contemporary art, providing a stark contrast to the city's historical offerings.
Franconian Brewery Museum
Located in the former Benedictine monastery brewery on Michelsberg, this unique museum offers a deep dive into the region's rich brewing tradition. With over 1,400 exhibits, visitors can explore the history of beer brewing in Franconia, dating back to 1122.
Natural History Museum
Housed in the historic rooms of the Jesuit College, the Natural History Museum in Bamberg dates back to 1791. The museum features:
- A classical wing with the famous Bird Hall
- An extensive fossil collection
- Exhibits on geology, mineralogy, and soil science
- Displays of indigenous mammals and fossils
The museum's neoclassical hall, preserved in its original state, serves as a "museum within the museum".
Diocesan Museum
Situated in the chapter house adjacent to the cathedral, the Diocesan Museum houses a vast collection of art treasures from the old cathedral treasury and the entire archdiocese. It offers a unique glimpse into the region's religious artistic heritage.
Gärtner- und Häckermuseum
This small Market Gardeners' and Wine Growers' Museum uses tools and a historic home to bring to life the period when Bamberg's market gardeners and wine growers exported produce worldwide. A highlight is the museum's own market garden.
E.T.A. Hoffmann House
Dedicated to the life and work of the German writer, composer, and artist E.T.A. Hoffmann, this memorial site is located in the house where Hoffmann lived from 1808 to 1813. It offers insights into the creative world of this multifaceted artist.
University of Bamberg Museum of Islamic Art
Though lesser-known, this museum is worth a visit for its impressive collection of Islamic metalwork, one of the largest of its kind.
These museums collectively offer a rich tapestry of Bamberg's history, art, and culture, providing visitors with a deep understanding of this remarkable UNESCO World Heritage city.
How to get there
Bamberg is easily accessible despite not having its own airport. Travelers can reach the city through three nearby airports: Frankfurt (2.5-3 hours by train), Munich (2.45-3.5 hours by train), and Nuremberg (90 minutes by train). From these airports, visitors typically take trains operated by Deutsche Bahn, often requiring a connection in Würzburg or Nuremberg. For those driving, the city can be reached via autobahn A73 (take exit Bamberg Ost if coming from north or south) or A70 (take exit Bamberg if arriving from east or west). Once in Bamberg, the city offers an extensive bus network from the central bus station (ZOB), and visitors can purchase either day tickets or individual journey tickets for local transportation.
