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Introduction
Biarritz (pop. 25,000) is a luxurious seaside town made popular by Napoleon III and his Spanish-born wife Eugénie. Biarritz remained the favourite resort of wealthy French families until the 1950's when the Côte d'Azur took over. Situated on the Bay of Biscay, it is known for its stunning beaches, such as La Grande Plage and Côte des Basques, and iconic landmarks like the Rocher de la Vierge and the Phare de Biarritz. The city offers a blend of French, Basque, and Spanish cultures, making it a unique and vibrant place to visit. Its proximity to the Spanish border and its status as a surfing hub add to its appeal, attracting visitors from around the world.
Interesting Facts about Biarritz
- Biarritz, originally a small fishing village, transformed into a luxurious seaside resort after Empress Eugenie built a palace on the beach in 1854.
- The town is known as the "Surf Capital of Europe" and played a crucial role in introducing surfing to the continent.
- Biarritz's iconic "Rock of the Virgin" is connected to land by a metal footbridge attributed to Gustav Eiffel.
- The city boasts the second-oldest golf course on the European continent.
- Biarritz's salt baths, which opened in 1893, used water ten times saltier than the sea, sourced from 20 kilometres away.
- The town's popularity led to a significant population increase, from 5,000 to 18,000, with 50,000 vacationers gathering by the end of the 19th century.
- Biarritz's casinos, including the Art Deco Municipal Casino built in 1929, have been a major attraction for tourists.
- The city's Asiatica Museum houses a significant collection of Asian art from India, Nepal, Tibet, and China.
- Biarritz celebrates its maritime heritage with the Museum of the Sea, featuring 24 aquariums containing sharks and seals.
- The town's Russian Orthodox church, built in the 19th century for visiting Russian aristocrats, is famous for its blue dome.
History
Originally a modest fishing village, Biarritz was first mentioned in written records in 1023 under the name "Bayarrits". During the Middle Ages, the town's economy revolved around its port and fishing industry, with local fishermen gaining renown for their whale hunting expeditions along the Basque Coast.
The 19th century marked a transformative period for Biarritz, catapulting it from a humble seaside settlement to a luxurious resort destination. The turning point came in 1854 when Empress Eugénie, wife of Napoleon III, discovered the town's golden beaches and mild climate. Captivated by its beauty, she commissioned the construction of the Villa Eugénie (now the Hôtel du Palais), which became the summer residence of the French imperial family. This royal patronage swiftly attracted European aristocracy and high society, leading to the development of luxury hotels, casinos, and golf courses.
By the early 20th century, Biarritz had firmly established itself as a cosmopolitan holiday destination, drawing visitors from across Europe and beyond. The town's popularity continued to grow, with notable figures such as Queen Victoria, King Edward VII of England, and even Coco Chanel, who opened her first couture workshop there in 1915, further cementing its reputation as a haven for the elite. Despite facing competition from other coastal resorts in the following decades, Biarritz maintained its allure, evolving into a renowned centre for thalassotherapy and outdoor sports, particularly surfing, which has become an integral part of its modern identity.
Main Attractions
Beaches
La Grande Plage
La Grande Plage is the most iconic beach in Biarritz, stretching across 2 kilometres of golden sand. Located in the heart of the town, it is surrounded by elegant architecture, shops, and restaurants, making it a central hub for visitors. The beach is popular with families and surfers alike, offering a lively atmosphere and a range of activities. It is particularly famous for its surf schools, where beginners can learn to ride the waves. The promenade along the beach provides stunning views of the ocean and is perfect for leisurely walks.
Plage du Miramar
Situated just north of La Grande Plage, Plage du Miramar offers a quieter alternative to its bustling neighbour. This small stretch of sand is framed by cliffs and rocks, creating a secluded and picturesque setting. The beach is ideal for relaxing and enjoying the sound of the waves crashing against the shore. It also provides excellent views of the Biarritz Lighthouse and Hôtel du Palais, two iconic landmarks nearby. While swimming here can be challenging due to strong currents, it remains a favourite spot for those seeking tranquillity.
Plage du Port Vieux
Plage du Port Vieux is a hidden gem tucked away between rocky cliffs near the Rocher de la Vierge. Its calm waters make it particularly suitable for families with young children or those looking to enjoy a peaceful swim. The beach’s intimate size adds to its charm, providing a cosy retreat from the larger beaches in Biarritz. Its proximity to Villa Belza and other landmarks makes it an excellent spot to visit while exploring the town.
La Côte des Basques
Known as the birthplace of surfing in France, La Côte des Basques is a haven for surfers from around the world. The beach stretches over 1 kilometre and offers breathtaking views of Spain’s coastline on clear days. During low tide, visitors can enjoy long walks along the sandy shore, while high tide transforms it into a surfer’s paradise. Even if you’re not surfing, this beach is worth visiting for its dramatic cliffs and panoramic vistas.
Marbella Beach
Marbella Beach lies further south from La Côte des Basques and offers a more rugged and untamed landscape. This expansive beach is less crowded than others in Biarritz, making it ideal for those seeking solitude or an authentic local experience. Its strong waves attract experienced surfers, but visitors can also enjoy its natural beauty by walking along its shore or relaxing on its sands.
Milady Beach
Milady Beach marks the southernmost point of Biarritz’s coastline and provides ample space for visitors to spread out and enjoy their surroundings. The beach features grassy areas and a promenade that runs alongside it, making it perfect for families or groups looking to combine outdoor activities with relaxation. Children can enjoy its play area while adults take in views of the ocean or explore nearby walking trails.
Landmarks
Biarritz Lighthouse (Phare de Biarritz)
The Biarritz Lighthouse stands as one of the town’s most recognisable landmarks. Built in 1834, it rises 73 metres above sea level at Pointe Saint-Martin. Visitors can climb over 200 steps to reach the top, where they are rewarded with panoramic views of Biarritz’s coastline and surrounding areas. The lighthouse is surrounded by a peaceful park dotted with benches, making it an excellent spot for picnics or quiet reflection while enjoying views of the Atlantic Ocean.
Rocher de la Vierge (Virgin of the Rock)
Rocher de la Vierge is one of Biarritz’s most iconic attractions and a must-visit landmark. This dramatic rock formation juts out into the sea and features a statue of the Virgin Mary at its peak. Accessible via a narrow footbridge designed by Gustave Eiffel (of Eiffel Tower fame), Rocher de la Vierge offers stunning views of both the ocean and Biarritz’s coastline. It’s an ideal spot for photography or simply soaking in the beauty of nature.
Villa Belza
Perched on cliffs overlooking Plage du Port Vieux, Villa Belza is an architectural marvel that adds character to Biarritz’s coastline. This striking neo-Gothic villa dates back to the late 19th century and has become one of the town’s most photographed landmarks due to its dramatic location and unique design.
Markets
Les Halles de Biarritz
Les Halles de Biarritz is not just a market but also an essential part of local life in Biarritz. Located near Place Sobradiel in the town centre, this vibrant market offers fresh produce, seafood, baked goods, and regional specialities such as Basque cheeses and cured meats. It’s also surrounded by lively cafes and bars where visitors can sample local delicacies or enjoy drinks in a bustling atmosphere.
Surfing
Surfing Beaches
Biarritz is renowned as one of Europe’s premier surfing destinations, with several beaches catering to surfers of all levels. La Côte des Basques is particularly famous among experienced surfers due to its consistent waves and stunning backdrop. Beginners can take lessons at La Grande Plage or Marbella Beach through one of many surf schools available in town.
Scenic Walks
Promenade Along Grande Plage
The promenade running alongside La Grande Plage offers breathtaking views of both the ocean and Biarritz’s elegant architecture. Starting at Casino Barrière de Biarritz and extending towards Hôtel du Palais, this walkway is ideal for casual strolls or photography enthusiasts looking to capture iconic scenes.
Coastal Walks Near Rocher de la Vierge
The area around Rocher de la Vierge provides excellent opportunities for coastal walks that showcase dramatic cliffs, crashing waves, and panoramic views of neighbouring beaches.
Other Attractions
Chapelle Impériale
The Chapelle Impériale was built in 1864 under Empress Eugénie as part of her summer residence in Biarritz. This small chapel combines Romanesque and Byzantine architectural styles with intricate details that reflect its imperial origins. While relatively modest in size compared to other landmarks in town, it remains an important historical site worth visiting during your stay.
Top Museums
Biarritz Aquarium (Musée de la Mer)
Located in an Art Deco building facing the iconic Rocher de la Vierge, the Biarritz Aquarium is renowned for its extensive marine life collection. The aquarium features over 50 tanks, including a massive 1.5 million-litre tank housing sharks, rays, and barracudas. Visitors can enjoy interactive experiences like the touch tank and seal feeding shows.
Biarritz Historical Museum
Housed in a former Anglican church, this museum offers insights into Biarritz's history, including its role in the Napoleonic Wars and the Second Empire. Exhibits include memorabilia from the imperial family and historical artifacts such as a model of the imperial train and a bronze sculpture of the Prince Imperial.
Musée Asiatica
This museum is dedicated to Asian art and culture, featuring over 1,000 works from regions like India, China, Tibet, and Nepal. It provides a comprehensive introduction to Asian cultures through its educational approach, allowing visitors to explore and understand the diverse art forms and historical contexts.
Cité de l'Océan
This innovative, interactive space focuses on oceanic knowledge and surf culture. It offers immersive experiences through multimedia and interactive displays, helping visitors understand the ocean's dynamics and importance. The building itself is designed to resemble a double wave, reflecting its oceanic theme.
Local Cuisine
Biarritz's local cuisine is a delightful fusion of French, Spanish, and Basque influences, with a strong emphasis on fresh seafood due to its coastal location. Visitors can savour Basque chicken, a tender dish slow-cooked with vegetables and the region's signature Espelette pepper. Seafood enthusiasts will relish the town's renowned oysters and marmitako, a hearty tuna-based stew. For a quintessential Basque experience, try pintxos, small bread-based snacks with various toppings, perfect for a light meal or as an accompaniment to drinks. Meat lovers should not miss axoa, a flavourful veal stew, or the famous Bayonne ham. To round off your culinary journey, indulge in torrijas, the Basque version of French toast, or a slice of gâteau Basque, a traditional cake filled with either cherry jam or cream.
Getting There & Around
Biarritz, located on the French Basque coast, is easily accessible and well-connected. The Biarritz Pays Basque Airport, just 3.5 km from the city centre, offers flights to major French cities and seasonal routes to destinations like the UK and Switzerland. From the airport, buses such as Chronoplus lines 3 and 14 provide affordable transport to the city. Alternatively, Biarritz train station, 3 km from downtown, connects to regional and high-speed TGV services. Within the city, public transport is efficient with the TXIK TXAK network operating buses, trams, and shuttles. Tickets can be purchased online or at vending machines for as little as €1 per trip. For a more flexible experience, electric bike rentals are widely available, while taxis and car hires offer convenience for exploring nearby towns. With its compact layout, many of Biarritz’s attractions are also within walking distance.