York

Introduction

Founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 CE, York (pop. 142,000) later became the Viking settlement of Jorvik and evolved through Saxon and medieval periods. Today, York is renowned for its well-preserved medieval architecture, including the iconic York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe. The city is encircled by ancient walls stretching 2.5 miles, with four fortified gates known as 'bars'. Visitors can explore the charming cobbled streets of The Shambles, often referred to as Europe's best-preserved medieval street, and delve into York's past at numerous museums such as the JORVIK Viking Centre and the York Castle Museum. With its blend of Roman, Viking, and medieval heritage, coupled with Georgian and Victorian influences, York offers a unique journey through English history.

York has over 2000 listed buildings and its famous York Minster and well preserved historical centre have made it a prime destination for visitors to England.

Interesting Facts about York

• York was originally a Roman settlement called Eboracum, founded in 71 CE.
• The city was later ruled by Vikings who renamed it Jorvik in 866 CE.
• York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in Northern Europe, took 250 years to build.
• Buildings inside York's city walls are not permitted to be taller than York Minster.
• York boasts the longest medieval city walls in England, stretching approximately 3.4 kilometres.
• The city is home to over 365 pubs, allowing visitors to frequent a different one each day of the year.
• York is renowned for its 'snickelways', which are narrow winding pedestrian paths and hidden alleys.
• Guy Fawkes, infamous for the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, was born in York.
• York is considered one of the most haunted cities in the UK, with numerous reported ghostly sightings.
• The city has a rich chocolate-making heritage, being the birthplace of famous brands like Terry's and Rowntree's.
• York's Shambles, a picturesque medieval street, is said to have inspired Diagon Alley in the Harry Potter series.
• The city features over 20 cat statues hidden throughout its centre, forming the Lucky Cat Trail.
• York houses the National Railway Museum, the largest of its kind in the world.
• The Jorvik Viking Centre in York offers an immersive experience of Viking-era life.
• Dame Judi Dench, the renowned actress, was born in York and has a riverside walk named after her.

History

The Romans founded Eboracum in 71 CE. One of the most important military base of North Britannia, Eboracum is where Emperor Septimius Severus died in 211 CE, and where Constantine I was crowned emperor by his troops in 306 (the only Roman Emperor to be proclaimed outside Rome, and also the first one to adopt Christianity).

After the Romans left in the early 5th century, the Angles settled the area, renamed the town Eoforwic and made it the capital of the Kingdom of Northumbria.

In 625, Saint Paulinus was sent from Rome to Kent, where he was consecrated bishop. He arranged the marriage of King Edwin of Northumbria with the sister of King Eadbald of Kent in 627, and convince Edwin to convert to Christianity. The first minster was constructed the same year, and Paulinus became its first bishop.

The town then became a centre of learning, attracting students from various European countries, its most famous scholar being Flaccus Albinus Alcuin (735-804), who later acted as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.

The Danes started raiding the region in the late 9th century and captured the city in 866, which they renamed Jorvik. Jorvik remained the capital of the Viking kingdom until 954, when King Eadred of Wessex managed to evict and kill Eirik Bloodaxe, King of Jorvik and Norway.

The Anglo-Saxon victory was short-lived, as in 1066 King Harold II had to deal with another Viking invasion, before being defeated by William the Conqueror at Hastings. William led the punitive Harrying of the North in 1069 to crush local revolts, and built two wooden castles in York.

The city burnt to the ground in 1137, and 150 local Jews were massacred by the townsfolk in 1190. In spite of that, York prospered as the county town of Yorkshire, a textile centre, the seat of the archbishop of York (the second most important church in England at the time), and in the 13th and 14th century as an alternative seat of royal government.

York Minster was not completed until the 15th century. But Henry VIII nationalised all church properties between 1536 and 1540 (see History of England), which badly affected York preeminence. York became popular among the aristocracy in the 18th century, and the economy recovered with the introduction of the railway in 1839. As the industry faltered again after WWII, tourism became the main source of local income.

Main Attractions

York is a delightful city to explore on foot. It has retained its medieval city walls. Most of the streets within the walls are called gates, while city gates are called bars (while bars to drink tend to have folkloric names). The main gates (in the common sense of the term) are Bootham Bar and Monk Bar at each extremity of the cathedral, and Walmgate Bar to the southeast.

York Minster

York Minster is one of the largest Gothic cathedrals in northern Europe and a centerpiece of the city. It is the seat of the Primate of England, second only in importance to Canterbury Cathedral, the Primate of All England. It is one of Europe's great gothic cathedrals and has influenced the fortune of the city since its foundation in the 7th century (it still brings money to the locals, through the hordes of tourists!).

Paulinus built a chapel on the highly symbolic remains of the Roman basilica. Little remains of pre-Norman structures, and the present edifice was errected between 1220 and 1480, encompassing all the evolutions of the Gothic style. The Early English-style transepts are the oldest parts, while the nave, raised between 1280 and 1360, is the widest in England. The West front and towers were built last, in the 15th-century Perpendicular style.

The highlights are the Great East Window, the south transept's Rose Window, the north transept's Five Sisters Window, the Decorated-style Chapter House, as well as the foundations and treasury.

On the north side of York Minster you will find the delightful Treasurer's House, famously "haunted" by the ghosts of a Roman legion.

If you look closely towards the top of York Minster's front façade, ideally with binoculars or a camera zoom, you'll notice a series of playful and grotesque faces. These fanciful stone sculptures, featuring exaggerated, humorous, or bizarre human and animal faces, monsters, angels, or hybrid creatures, reflect the medieval stonemasons' imagination and sense of humour. They might be caricatures of townspeople, clergy, or imagined demons. As people didn't have glasses for short-sighteness back then, it's likely that the local bishop or senior clergymen wouldn't have noticed the details when the cathedral was built, so the artisans had some freedom to carve whatever they wanted.

The Shambles

The Shambles is a picturesque medieval shopping street that dates back to the Domesday Book. This charming neighbourhood features cobbled streets and overhanging timber-framed buildings, believed to have inspired Harry Potter's Diagon Alley. It's an excellent place for a stroll and to experience York's historic atmosphere. The street is lined with shops, cafes, and restaurants, offering a variety of local goods and cuisine. Visitors can explore the narrow alleys and discover unique souvenirs.

York City Walls

The York City Walls are England's most complete set of city walls, offering a scenic route around the city. Originally established in 71 CE during Roman times, these walls feature four main ornate stone gateways known as 'bars'. Walking the walls provides excellent views of the city and insight into its defensive history. The walls stretch for about 2.5 miles, allowing visitors to explore different parts of the city while learning about its past. Key sections include the Multangular Tower, which dates back to Roman times, and the medieval gateways such as Monkgate Bar and Bootham Bar.

Clifford's Tower

Clifford's Tower is an iconic landmark and one of the few remaining parts of York Castle. Built by William the Conqueror in 1086, the tower has served various functions over its thousand-year history. Visitors can climb to the top for panoramic views of Old York. The tower's history includes periods as a royal mint and a military fortress, and it has been involved in several significant historical events. Today, it is managed by English Heritage and offers guided tours.

York Racecourse

For those interested in horse racing, York Racecourse offers several events throughout the year. Key racing highlights include the Dante Festival in May, John Smith's Cup in July, and the season finale in October. The racecourse is known for its picturesque setting and lively atmosphere, making it a popular destination for racing enthusiasts and families alike. Visitors can enjoy the races while also exploring the surrounding area, which includes the Knavesmire Wood and the nearby Fulford Ings.

Holy Trinity Church

This historic church is worth a visit, particularly for its plaque commemorating Anne Lister, the 19th-century diarist also known as "Gentleman Jack". Holy Trinity Church is a charming example of medieval architecture and offers a peaceful retreat from the bustling city. The church's history dates back to the 12th century, and it features a unique blend of architectural styles.

Barley Hall

Barley Hall is a reconstructed medieval townhouse that offers visitors a hands-on experience of 15th-century life. It's an excellent attraction for those wanting to immerse themselves in medieval history. The hall features authentic furnishings and decorations, providing a glimpse into the daily lives of York's medieval residents. Visitors can explore the various rooms, including the kitchen, great hall, and bedrooms, to gain a deeper understanding of life during that era.

Merchant Adventurers' Hall

This well-preserved guildhall offers guided behind-the-scenes tours and serves as an atmospheric setting for live music and entertainment. The hall was built in the 14th century and has been beautifully restored to reflect its original grandeur. It features a stunning timber-framed roof and ornate decorations, making it a must-visit for anyone interested in historical architecture.

River Ouse

While not an attraction in itself, the River Ouse plays a significant role in York's landscape. Visitors can take sightseeing cruises to learn about the river's impact on the city's development and enjoy views from the water. The river has been crucial for trade and commerce throughout York's history, and cruises provide a unique perspective on the city's landmarks and hidden gems.

York's Parks and Gardens

York has several beautiful parks and gardens that offer a peaceful escape from the city's bustle. Rowntree Park, for example, features a lake, walking trails, and a variety of flora. It's a popular spot for picnics and relaxation. Another notable park is St. Nicholas Fields, which includes a nature reserve and offers opportunities for birdwatching.

York's Ghost Walks

York is famous for its ghost stories and haunted sites. Visitors can join guided ghost walks to explore the city's spooky side. These walks often include visits to famous haunted locations, such as the Golden Fleece Inn and the Treasurer's House. Guides share tales of York's paranormal history, making for an entertaining and eerie experience.

The National Trust's Goddards

Located just outside York, Goddards is a charming estate managed by the National Trust. It features a beautiful garden and a house that was once the home of the Terry family, famous for their chocolate. Visitors can explore the gardens, which include a rock garden and a variety of plant species, and learn about the history of the Terry family.

Top Museums

Archaeological and Historical Museums

Yorkshire Museum

Housed in a stunning neo-classical building, the Yorkshire Museum showcases Britain's finest archaeological treasures from York's Roman, Viking, and medieval past. The museum features several fascinating galleries:

• Yorkshire's Jurassic World: An epic journey through 150 million years of Yorkshire's prehistoric past, featuring dinosaurs and sea monsters brought to life with ground-breaking technology.
• Medieval York: Capital of the North: This exhibition explores York's status as England's second city and its ties to the Crown and Church.
• Roman York: Meet The People of The Empire: Discover the glory of Eboracum (Roman York) through artefacts, interactive displays, and a colossal statue of Mars.
• Ritual or Disguise: The Star Carr Headdress: A unique display featuring 11,000-year-old headdresses and the rare Star Carr pendant, offering insights into Mesolithic life.
• The Roman Mosaics: Marvel at beautifully preserved Roman mosaics, which provide a glimpse into the lives of Roman Britain's elite.
• The Medieval Gallery: Explore the intricate craftsmanship and artistry of medieval York, with exhibits on stained glass, illuminated manuscripts, and intricate stone carvings.

Jorvik Viking Centre

Dedicated to York's Viking heritage, this museum offers an immersive experience of 9th and 10th-century Viking life. Features include:

• Reconstructed Viking street scenes
• Interactive exhibitions on Viking daily life
• A recreated Viking boat workshop
• The Ride: A thrilling journey through a reconstructed Viking-age street, complete with animatronic figures and authentic sounds.
• The Finds: Explore the archaeological discoveries that have shaped our understanding of Viking York, including artifacts from the Coppergate dig.

York Castle Museum

This award-winning museum brings 400 years of York's history to life. Key attractions include:

• Kirkgate: A meticulously recreated Victorian street based on real York businesses from 1870-1901.
• York Castle Prison: Explore the museum's past as a Georgian prison, complete with infamous inmates like Dick Turpin.
• 1914: When the World Changed Forever: An exhibition on the First World War, featuring military, costume, and social history collections.
• The Sixties: A gallery capturing the spirit of this transformative decade through iconic objects.
• The Toy Gallery: A nostalgic collection of toys from the past, showcasing how play has evolved over time.
• The Period Rooms: Step into beautifully restored rooms from different eras, offering a glimpse into domestic life in York.

Transport Museums

National Railway Museum

The world's largest railway museum, housing over 100 locomotives. Highlights include:

• The iconic Flying Scotsman
• A Shinkansen Bullet Train
• Royal carriages used by Queen Victoria
• Interactive exhibits and train simulators
• The Great Hall: A grand space filled with iconic locomotives, offering a glimpse into the evolution of rail transport.
• The Station Hall: Recreated as a Victorian-era station, complete with authentic luggage carts and period advertisements.
• The Mallard Experience: Learn about the record-breaking Mallard locomotive and its role in shaping British rail history.

Yorkshire Air Museum

An excellent aviation museum featuring:

• A diverse collection of aircraft
• Engaging displays on aviation history
• Knowledgeable staff providing insightful information
• The Bomber Command and Commonwealth Air Forces Memorial: A poignant tribute to those who served during World War II.
• The Elvington Collection: Explore a range of historic aircraft, including World War II planes and Cold War jets.
• The Halifax Bomber: Learn about the history of this iconic bomber and its role in British aviation.

Historic Houses and Architecture

Fairfax House

A hidden gem showcasing 18th-century Georgian architecture and life. Visitors can admire:

• Beautiful collections of period furniture
• Antique clocks
• Changing exhibitions on Georgian life
• The Georgian Kitchen: Explore the intricacies of 18th-century cooking and dining.
• The Music Room: Discover the role of music in Georgian society, with exquisite instruments on display.
• The Dining Room: Marvel at the opulence of Georgian dining, complete with fine china and silverware.

Castle Howard

While not strictly a museum, Castle Howard is a must-visit for anyone interested in history and architecture. This grand estate features:

• The House: Explore the opulent interiors and art collections of this 18th-century mansion.
• The Gardens: Stroll through beautifully maintained gardens, including a rose garden and a tranquil lake.
• The Park: Enjoy scenic walks and stunning views across the Howardian Hills.

The Merchant Adventurers' Hall

This medieval guildhall offers a glimpse into the lives of York's merchant class. Highlights include:

• The Great Hall: A stunning example of medieval architecture, complete with intricate wood carvings.
• The Undercroft: Explore the atmospheric undercroft, which once served as a hospital and almshouse.
• The Chapel: Admire the beautiful stained glass and ornate furnishings of this historic chapel.

Local Cuisine

Visitors can savour the iconic Yorkshire pudding, a staple of Sunday roasts, alongside other regional specialities. The city is renowned for its sweet treats, including the famous Yorkshire curd tart, a delectable pastry filled with curd cheese and often flavoured with fruit or nutmeg. For a unique afternoon tea experience, try a Fat Rascal, a fruity scone-like cake adorned with a cherry and almond smile. York's connection to chocolate is evident in treats like the KitKat, which has been produced in the city since the 1930s. Seafood enthusiasts should not miss the opportunity to sample fresh crab from the Yorkshire coast, whilst meat lovers can indulge in succulent Yorkshire lamb. To wash it all down, enjoy a cup of Yorkshire Tea or explore the city's thriving craft beer scene. The Shambles Market is an excellent spot to experience York's diverse food offerings, from artisanal goods to street food delights.

Shopping

York's compact city centre boasts a diverse range of shopping options, from high street brands to independent boutiques and historic markets. The iconic Shambles, believed to be Europe's oldest shopping street, is home to unique shops and the nearby Shambles Market. Parliament Street and Coney Street house major retailers, while areas like Stonegate and Petergate offer quirky independent stores. For designer bargains, York Designer Outlet is located just outside the city. The Coppergate Shopping Centre provides a mix of high street names and specialist shops. Visitors can also explore charming areas like Gillygate and Fossgate for hidden retail gems and local produce. York's shopping scene seamlessly blends modern retail with its rich historical backdrop, making it a unique destination for shoppers.

Nature in and around York

Within easy reach of the city, you can discover the stunning landscapes of the North York Moors National Park, featuring rugged hills, ancient woodlands, and picturesque valleys. The dramatic Yorkshire coastline is also accessible, boasting impressive cliffs and secluded coves. For those interested in unique geological formations, Brimham Rocks in the Yorkshire Dales presents a collection of weathered rock formations. Nature enthusiasts can visit Askham Bog Nature Reserve, a remnant of the ancient fenlands that once surrounded York. The Yorkshire Dales National Park offers rolling hills, hidden valleys, and spectacular waterfalls such as Aysgarth Falls. Closer to the city, Rowntree Park provides a tranquil green space with a lake and well-maintained gardens. For those seeking underground wonders, Mother Shipton's Cave in nearby Knaresborough is England's oldest tourist attraction, featuring a petrifying well and ancient woodland along the River Nidd.

Getting There & Around

By train, York is exceptionally well-connected with direct services from London Kings Cross taking just under two hours, whilst LNER and Grand Central operate frequent departures throughout the day, and TransPennine Express provides direct links from Manchester, Liverpool and Newcastle, making rail travel the quickest and most convenient option.

By coach, National Express and FlixBus offer comfortable services from major cities across the UK, with coaches from London Victoria taking approximately four and a half hours and arriving directly at Station Road in York's city centre, providing an economical alternative with services running both day and night.

By car, York's central location makes it easily accessible via the M1/M62 motorway network, with the city just a twenty-minute drive east along the A64, and journey times of under two hours from Manchester and Sheffield, whilst six convenient Park & Ride sites allow visitors to park for free on the outskirts and complete their journey into the historic city centre by bus.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit York is generally from late spring to early autumn, specifically from May through September. During this period, the weather is typically mild and agreeable, with longer daylight hours perfect for exploring the city's many attractions. Summer months, particularly July and August, offer the warmest temperatures, hovering around a pleasant 17°C, making it ideal for outdoor activities and sightseeing. However, these months also bring larger crowds and higher prices. For those seeking a quieter visit with still-pleasant weather, the shoulder months of May and early September provide an excellent balance. It's worth noting that York experiences rainfall throughout the year, with June being particularly wet, so packing a brolly is always advisable. Ultimately, the city's charm and rich history can be enjoyed year-round, but the warmer months provide the most comfortable conditions for exploring York's cobbled streets, historic sites, and vibrant cultural events.