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Introduction
Turin, the capital of Italy's Piedmont region, is a refined city nestled at the foothills of the Alps along the Po River. As Italy's fourth-largest city, it served as the country's first capital from 1861 to 1865 and was the historic seat of the House of Savoy. The city centre showcases magnificent Baroque and Art Nouveau architecture, featuring grand palaces, stately squares, and historic cafes. Notable landmarks include the Mole Antonelliana—Europe's highest freestanding masonry building—the Royal Palace, and the Egyptian Museum (Museo Egizio), which houses one of the world's most significant Egyptian collections. Modern Turin balances its rich historical heritage with contemporary culture, serving as a major industrial centre particularly known for automotive manufacturing, while offering visitors world-class museums, vibrant nightlife, and renowned Piedmontese cuisine.
Interesting Facts about Turin
- Turin served as Italy's first capital from 1861 to 1865 following the country's unification.
- The city was the historic seat of the House of Savoy, Italy's former royal family, and features numerous palaces and castles.
- Turin's architecture and culture reflect strong French influences due to its historical ties with neighbouring regions.
- Known as the "cradle of Italian liberty", Turin was central to the Risorgimento movement that unified Italy.
- The controversial Shroud of Turin, believed by some to bear Christ's image, resides in the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist.
- Turin remains the heart of Italy's automotive industry, hosting headquarters for Fiat, Lancia and Alfa Romeo.
- The striking Mole Antonelliana building, originally conceived as a synagogue, now houses the National Cinema Museum.
- Turin's Museo Egizio contains one of the world's most significant collections of Egyptian antiquities outside Cairo.
- The city boasts 18 kilometres of historic arcades sheltering shops and cafés along elegant pedestrian walkways.
- Turin pioneered solid chocolate production and remains famous for its gianduja hazelnut chocolate and bicerin coffee drink.
History
Turin, nestled at the foothills of the Alps, traces its origins back over 2,000 years to a Celtic settlement known as Taurasia. The city's name derives from the Celtic word "tau," meaning mountain, reflecting its geographical significance. In 218 BCE, Hannibal destroyed the settlement, after which Julius Caesar established a new base, and under Emperor Augustus, it became the Roman colony of Augusta Taurinorum.
The medieval period saw Turin pass through various rulers, including the Lombards, Franks, and Goths, until the powerful House of Savoy established its dominance in the region by the 13th century. A pivotal moment came in 1563 when Emmanuel Philibert made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, initiating a remarkable transformation of the city. Under the Savoys, Turin flourished with the construction of grand baroque palaces, churches, and public squares, many of which still define the city's architectural landscape today.
Turin's most significant historical role came in the 19th century when it became the first capital of unified Italy from 1861 to 1865. The city served as the political and intellectual centre of the Risorgimento movement that led to Italian unification. In the modern era, Turin evolved into an industrial powerhouse, particularly known for its automotive industry, with Fiat being established there in 1899. Despite suffering heavy damage during World War II from Allied bombing, the city was successfully rebuilt and later hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics, which provided a significant boost to its international profile.
Main Attractions
Main Squares and Streets
Piazza Castello
At the heart of Turin's historic centre lies the magnificent Piazza Castello, a testament to the city's royal heritage and baroque splendour. This expansive square serves as the main gathering point for locals and tourists alike, surrounded by elegant porticoes and stunning architecture. The centrepiece of the piazza is the majestic Palazzo Reale, the former royal palace of the House of Savoy. Visitors can marvel at the intricate façades of the surrounding buildings, including the Palazzo Madama and the Royal Theatre. The square's vibrant atmosphere is enhanced by street performers, outdoor cafés, and the constant bustle of city life, making it the perfect starting point for exploring Turin's rich history and culture.
Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale)
The Royal Palace of Turin stands as a magnificent testament to the power and influence of the House of Savoy. This UNESCO World Heritage site showcases stunning baroque architecture and houses lavishly decorated royal apartments that transport visitors back to the height of Turin's royal era. The palace complex includes the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, and the beautiful Royal Gardens, perfect for a peaceful stroll. Inside, visitors can explore the opulent state apartments, adorned with precious artworks, frescoes, and intricate tapestries. The Scala delle Forbici, a masterpiece of baroque architecture, is a particular highlight. The palace also houses the Chapel of the Holy Shroud, connected to the adjacent Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, where the famous Turin Shroud is kept.
Royal Gardens (Giardini Reali)
The Giardini Reali, or Royal Gardens, provide a peaceful escape from the city's bustle while offering a glimpse into the regal past of Turin. These meticulously manicured gardens, originally designed in the 17th century, are part of the Royal Palace complex and reflect the grandeur of the House of Savoy. Visitors can stroll along tree-lined alleys, admire beautifully sculpted fountains, and relax on manicured lawns with views of the Mole Antonelliana in the distance. The gardens feature a variety of plant species, including rare and exotic specimens, as well as numerous statues and ornamental basins. A particular highlight is the Fontana dei Tritoni (Fountain of the Tritons), a baroque masterpiece that serves as a focal point of the gardens. The Giardini Reali not only offer a serene environment for relaxation but also provide a unique perspective on the architectural beauty of the surrounding royal buildings, making them a must-visit for both nature lovers and history enthusiasts.
Piazza San Carlo
Often referred to as Turin's "drawing room," Piazza San Carlo is one of the city's most beautiful and elegant squares. This harmonious baroque space is flanked by twin churches, Santa Cristina and San Carlo Borromeo, which create a stunning architectural symmetry. The centrepiece of the square is an impressive equestrian statue of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, known as "El Caval ëd Brons" (The Bronze Horse) in Piedmontese dialect. The pedestrian-only area is surrounded by historic cafés and shops nestled under peaceful arcades, providing a perfect blend of history and modern city life. Visitors can soak in the atmosphere at one of the famous cafés, such as Caffè Torino or Caffè San Carlo, which have been serving patrons for centuries.
Palazzo Madama
Palazzo Madama is a unique architectural gem that combines elements of a medieval castle with an elegant baroque façade. Named after the royal ladies who once resided here, the palace has a rich history dating back to the Roman era. The building's eclectic style reflects its evolution over the centuries, from a Roman gate to a fortified castle, and finally to a royal residence. Today, it houses the Civic Museum of Ancient Art, showcasing an impressive collection of paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts. The palace's stunning Juvarra staircase is a masterpiece of baroque architecture, while the medieval towers offer panoramic views of the city. Visitors can explore the beautifully preserved royal apartments and admire the intricate stucco work and frescoes that adorn the walls and ceilings.
Piazza Vittorio Veneto
As Turin's largest square, Piazza Vittorio Veneto offers a vibrant and spacious atmosphere that captivates visitors and locals alike. Renovated for the 2006 Winter Olympics, this expansive piazza opens up to the Po River, providing stunning views of the surrounding architecture and the hills beyond. The square is lined with numerous restaurants, cafés, and bars, making it a popular spot for socialising, especially in the evenings. During the day, the piazza serves as a hub for various events and markets, while at night, it transforms into the heart of Turin's nightlife. The grand architecture surrounding the square, including the Chiesa della Gran Madre di Dio across the river, creates a picturesque backdrop that perfectly encapsulates Turin's blend of historical grandeur and modern vitality.
Castello del Valentino
The Castello del Valentino stands majestically along the banks of the River Po in Turin, showcasing a fascinating blend of French and Italian Baroque architectural styles. Originally dating from the early 16th century, the castle was acquired by Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy in 1564 and later underwent extensive renovations between 1621 and 1669 under the direction of architects Carlo and Amedeo di Castellamonte. The castle features two distinct façades: a French-inspired main façade facing Turin and a brick façade overlooking the Po River, whilst its interior boasts splendid baroque stuccoes and allegorical frescoes, particularly in the Central Hall and Hunting Room. Today, this UNESCO World Heritage site houses the Faculty of Architecture of Turin's Polytechnic University, and whilst regular public access to the interior is limited due to its academic function, visitors may occasionally tour the building during special events.
Parco del Valentino
Parco del Valentino, Turin's first public garden, is a verdant oasis stretching along the western bank of the Po River. This historic park, dating back to the 17th century, offers a perfect blend of natural beauty and cultural attractions. One of its main highlights is the charming Borgo Medievale, a meticulously recreated medieval village built for the 1884 Turin International Exhibition. Visitors can wander through its narrow streets, admiring the faithful reproductions of medieval Piedmontese architecture. The park is also home to the elegant Castello del Valentino, a 17th-century residence that now houses part of the Polytechnic University of Turin. With its beautiful landscaped gardens, tree-lined avenues, and riverside promenades, Parco del Valentino is a favourite spot for picnics, jogging, and leisurely strolls. The park also features a botanical garden, several monuments, and hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, making it a vibrant centre of outdoor life in Turin.
Mole Antonelliana
Standing at an impressive 167 metres, the Mole Antonelliana is the undisputed symbol of Turin and the tallest masonry building in Europe. Originally designed as a synagogue by architect Alessandro Antonelli, this iconic structure now houses the National Museum of Cinema. The building's distinctive silhouette, with its soaring spire and unique architectural style, dominates Turin's skyline. Visitors can take a panoramic lift to the viewing platform at the top, offering breathtaking 360-degree views of the city and the surrounding Alps. The museum inside is a fascinating journey through the history of cinema, featuring interactive exhibits, film memorabilia, and vintage equipment. At night, the Mole is beautifully illuminated, creating a magical atmosphere that encapsulates Turin's blend of historical grandeur and modern cultural significance.
Religious Architecture
Cattedrale di San Giovanni Battista (Turin Cathedral)
Turin's main cathedral, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, is a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture and the city's most important religious site. While its exterior may appear relatively modest compared to some of Italy's more ornate cathedrals, the interior holds great historical and spiritual significance. The cathedral is world-renowned for housing the Holy Shroud, believed by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ. Although the Shroud is rarely on public display, a replica is available for viewing. The cathedral's beautiful bell tower, designed by Filippo Juvarra in the early 18th century, stands separately from the main building and offers panoramic views of the city for those willing to climb its stairs. The cathedral's chapels are adorned with intricate frescoes and sculptures, showcasing the work of prominent Italian artists.
Chiesa della Gran Madre di Dio
Situated across the Po River, the Chiesa della Gran Madre di Dio is a striking example of neoclassical architecture that dominates the eastern bank of the river. Built in the early 19th century to celebrate the return of King Victor Emmanuel I after the fall of Napoleon, the church was designed to resemble the Pantheon in Rome. Its imposing façade, featuring a grand portico supported by massive columns, creates a dramatic first impression. The church's elevated position on a hill provides visitors with magnificent views of the city, particularly the Piazza Vittorio Veneto and the Mole Antonelliana. Film enthusiasts might recognise its steps from the classic 1969 film 'The Italian Job'. Inside, the circular nave is topped by a large dome, creating a sense of spaciousness and light. The church is surrounded by a picturesque square, often used for events and gatherings, making it a popular spot for both locals and tourists.
Santuario della Consolata
The Santuario della Consolata, one of Turin's oldest and most revered churches, is a baroque masterpiece that showcases stunning architectural details and religious artistry. The church's history dates back to the 4th century, although the current structure is primarily from the 17th and 18th centuries. The ornate interior is a feast for the eyes, featuring elaborate frescoes, gilded stucco work, and precious marbles. The focal point of the sanctuary is the miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary, known as the Consolata, which has been venerated for centuries. The church's bell tower, standing at 75 metres, is one of the tallest in Turin and offers panoramic views of the city. The adjacent cloister provides a peaceful retreat from the bustling city streets. The Santuario della Consolata remains an important pilgrimage site and a testament to Turin's deep-rooted religious traditions.
Historic Porticoes
Turin's Elegant Arcades
Turin boasts an impressive 18 kilometres of elegant covered walkways, known as portici, which have become an integral part of the city's architectural identity. These porticoes, built for the Savoy dynasty in the 1600s, were designed to allow the nobility to move around the city protected from the elements. Today, they offer a unique and charming way to explore Turin, providing shelter from both rain and sun. The most picturesque arcades can be found along Via Pietro Micca, Via Roma, and Via Po. Via Roma, in particular, is renowned for its elegant shops and cafés, making it a popular destination for both shopping and people-watching. Via Po, stretching from Piazza Castello to Piazza Vittorio Veneto, is lined with bookshops, antique stores, and historic cafés. These porticoes not only serve a practical purpose but also contribute to Turin's reputation as an elegant and sophisticated city. Walking under these arcades, visitors can admire the ornate ceilings, marble columns, and the overall architectural harmony that makes Turin's city centre so distinctive.
Top Museums
National Museum of Cinema
Housed in the iconic Mole Antonelliana, Turin's architectural symbol, the National Museum of Cinema is a cinephile's paradise. This unique museum offers an immersive journey through the history of cinema, from its earliest days to modern times. The museum's innovative layout spirals upwards on several exhibition levels, featuring interactive displays, film memorabilia, and a vast collection of cinematic artefacts.
The museum's collection includes early optical devices, vintage cameras, and props from famous films. Visitors can explore themed areas dedicated to different genres and eras of cinema, as well as enjoy film screenings in the museum's state-of-the-art cinema. The panoramic lift to the top of the Mole Antonelliana offers breathtaking views of Turin and the surrounding Alps.
Egyptian Museum
The Egyptian Museum of Turin, or Museo Egizio, is home to one of the world's largest and most important collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Cairo. With over 30,000 artefacts, including mummies, sarcophagi, and ancient papyri, the museum offers a comprehensive look at ancient Egyptian civilisation. The collection's origins date back to 1824, and it has played a crucial role in the development of modern Egyptology.
Highlights of the collection include the Tomb of Kha and Merit, a complete burial assemblage from the 18th Dynasty, and the Turin King List, a papyrus containing a list of Egyptian pharaohs. The museum also houses an impressive collection of statues, including colossal figures of Ramesses II and Seti II. Recent renovations have incorporated cutting-edge display techniques and interactive exhibits, making the ancient world come alive for visitors.
Museum of Oriental Art
The Museum of Oriental Art (MAO) is housed in a stunning 17th-century palazzo and boasts one of Italy's most significant collections of Asian art. With over 2,200 works representing various Asian cultures and artistic traditions, the museum offers a fascinating glimpse into the art and history of countries such as China, Japan, India, and Tibet.
The museum is organised into five cultural areas: South Asia, China, Japan, the Himalayan Region, and Islamic countries. Highlights include a rare collection of Japanese armour, exquisite Chinese porcelain, and intricate Indian miniatures. The museum also hosts temporary exhibitions and cultural events focused on Asian art and culture.
Risorgimento Museum
Housed in the Palazzo Carignano, the Risorgimento Museum is dedicated to the period of Italian unification. It offers a comprehensive look at this crucial period in Italian history, with exhibits featuring weapons, flags, documents, and artworks related to the Risorgimento movement.
The museum's collection includes personal belongings of key figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour, as well as important historical documents like the original Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. Interactive displays and multimedia presentations help bring this pivotal period of Italian history to life.
Royal Museums Complex
The Royal Museums Complex, or Polo Reale, encompasses several important sites, including the Royal Palace, the Royal Armoury, and the Sabauda Gallery. This complex offers visitors a chance to explore Turin's royal history and the art collections amassed by the House of Savoy over the centuries.
The Royal Palace, once the seat of the Savoy dynasty, features opulent state apartments and ballrooms decorated with frescoes and tapestries. The Royal Armoury houses one of Europe's finest collections of arms and armour, while the Sabauda Gallery showcases an impressive collection of paintings, including works by Van Dyck, Rembrandt, and Mantegna.
Palazzo Madama
Palazzo Madama, a UNESCO World Heritage site, houses the Civic Museum of Ancient Art. This museum offers a journey through time, from the Middle Ages to the Baroque period. The palace itself is a testament to Turin's history, with Roman foundations, medieval fortifications, and baroque additions. The museum's collection includes paintings, sculptures, ceramics, and decorative arts from various periods.
The museum's Gothic rooms showcase medieval stone sculptures and precious metalwork, while the Baroque apartments feature an impressive collection of porcelain and majolica. The top floor houses a significant collection of paintings, including works by Flemish and Italian masters. The panoramic tower offers stunning views of Turin's historic centre.
National Automobile Museum
Given Turin's rich automotive history, it's no surprise that the city hosts an impressive automobile museum. The National Automobile Museum showcases nearly 200 cars from 80 different brands, spanning eight countries. The museum's collection traces the evolution of the automobile from its earliest incarnations to modern-day vehicles, offering insights into both technological advancements and cultural shifts.
The museum is divided into three main sections: the automobile and the 20th century, the evolution of car design, and the future of automotive technology. Visitors can admire iconic vehicles such as the first FIAT models, rare prototypes, and Formula 1 racing cars. The museum also features interactive exhibits on road safety and environmental sustainability in the automotive industry.
Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art (GAM)
For those interested in more recent artistic movements, the GAM houses an extensive collection of 19th and 20th-century art. The gallery's collection includes works by Italian and international artists, offering a comprehensive overview of modern and contemporary art movements.
The museum's permanent collection features works by renowned artists such as Modigliani, De Chirico, and Pellizza da Volpedo. The gallery also hosts temporary exhibitions showcasing contemporary artists and emerging talents. The museum's library and archive are valuable resources for art researchers and enthusiasts.
Museum of Human Anatomy
For those interested in the history of science and medicine, the Museum of Human Anatomy offers a unique and somewhat macabre experience. Founded in 1739, it houses an extensive collection of anatomical specimens, including preserved organs, skeletons, and wax models.
The museum's collection is particularly notable for its 19th-century wax models, which were used for medical education before the advent of modern imaging techniques. While not for the faint of heart, this museum provides fascinating insights into the development of medical knowledge and anatomical study.
Pietro Micca Museum
This underground museum is dedicated to the siege of Turin in 1706 and the heroic actions of Pietro Micca, a soldier who sacrificed his life to save the city. The museum is located within a network of underground tunnels and galleries that were part of Turin's 18th-century fortifications.
Visitors can explore these atmospheric tunnels and learn about the military engineering of the time. The museum also features exhibits on the history of Turin's defences and the events of the 1706 siege, offering a unique perspective on the city's military history.
Fruit Museum
For a truly unique museum experience, visit the Fruit Museum, or Museo della Frutta. This unusual museum is dedicated to the study and representation of fruit in both scientific and artistic contexts. The collection includes over 1,000 models of fruit varieties, created in the late 19th century for educational purposes.
These incredibly detailed wax and plaster models showcase the diversity of fruit varieties, many of which are now rare or extinct. The museum also explores the cultural and symbolic significance of fruit in art and literature, offering a fascinating blend of science, history, and art.
Turin's diverse array of museums offers something for every interest, from ancient history and fine art to cinema, automobiles, and even fruit. Each museum provides unique insights into different aspects of Italian and world culture, making Turin a must-visit destination for museum enthusiasts and curious travellers alike.
Local Cuisine
Turin's cuisine reflects a delightful fusion of noble Savoy court influences and rustic peasant traditions, creating a sophisticated yet hearty gastronomy. The city's signature dishes include agnolotti al plin, delicate pasta parcels stuffed with meat and cabbage, and the distinctive vitello tonnato, featuring cold sliced veal topped with a creamy tuna sauce. Local specialities showcase the region's prized ingredients, such as the renowned white truffles from Alba, which perfectly complement the hand-crafted tajarin pasta, made with an exceptionally egg-rich dough. The area is also famous for its antipasti, particularly bagna càuda, a warm dip of anchovies, garlic and olive oil served with vegetables. For meat enthusiasts, the local Fassona beef features prominently in dishes like battuta al coltello, whilst comfort foods such as gnocchi al Castelmagno showcase the region's exceptional cheeses. Turin's culinary landscape seamlessly marries simple ingredients with refined preparation techniques, resulting in a memorable gastronomic experience.
Shopping
Turin offers a splendid shopping experience with 18 kilometres of elegant arcaded streets that provide shelter in any weather. The main shopping district centres around three principal thoroughfares: Via Roma, Via Carlo Alberto, and Via Lagrange, where you'll find luxury brands like Ferragamo, Armani, and Dolce & Gabbana. For more affordable fashion, head to Via Garibaldi, whilst Via Po houses charming antiquarian bookshops and vintage record stores. The city boasts over 60 regular markets, including Europe's largest open-air market, Porta Palazzo, on Piazza della Repubblica. Turin is particularly renowned for its historic chocolate shops, high-end fashion boutiques, and artisanal craft stores, which are often tucked away in baroque courtyards. Most shops operate Tuesday through Saturday, 9:30-12:30 and 15:30-19:30, with some opening Monday afternoons as well.
Nature in and around Turin
Turin stands as Italy's greenest city, boasting an impressive 320 kilometres of tree-lined avenues and approximately 50 public parks. The city's crown jewel is the magnificent Parco del Valentino, which stretches along the Po River and features an 18th-century botanical garden and a charming medieval village. Nature enthusiasts can explore the Pellerina, Italy's largest urban park, spanning 83 hectares with its serene ponds and wetlands. The surrounding area offers spectacular natural wonders, from the majestic peaks of Gran Paradiso National Park to the Via Lattea ski region with its 212 slopes. For breathtaking city views, visitors can ascend Monte dei Cappuccini or venture to Parco Europa in the southern hills, whilst the Protected Areas of the Po and Collina Torinese provide excellent opportunities for hiking, cycling, and wildlife observation. The nearby La Mandria Natural Park, just kilometres from the centre, offers carriage rides through ancient woodlands where wild animals roam freely among century-old trees and flowering meadows.
Getting Around
Turin boasts a comprehensive public transport network managed by GTT (Gruppo Torinese Trasporti), featuring Italy's first automated metro line, 8 tram lines, and over 80 bus routes. The system operates from 5:00 until midnight daily, with buses and trams connecting the city centre to surrounding municipalities. For night owls, the Night Buster service runs on Fridays, Saturdays, and pre-holiday nights until 5:00, stopping at popular nightlife spots. Standard tickets cost €1.70 and are valid for 90 minutes, whilst special tourist passes are available for 48 or 72 hours of unlimited travel. Children under 11 travel free throughout the network, making it an excellent choice for family trips. The historic city centre is particularly well-served, with the Star 1 electric bus line connecting major attractions, whilst the modern driverless metro provides swift transport between key locations like Porta Nuova and Porta Susa railway stations.