| Contents |
|---|
Introduction
Naples, Italy's third-largest city, is a captivating metropolis that perfectly embodies the Italian soul. Perched along the Mediterranean Sea with Mount Vesuvius as its backdrop, this ancient city boasts over 2,500 years of history, evident in its UNESCO-designated historical centre. The city's heart beats along Spaccanapoli, a bustling street that literally splits the historic centre, whilst architectural marvels like the Royal Palace, San Carlo Theatre, and Castel dell'Ovo showcase Naples' rich cultural heritage. Beyond its magnificent architecture, Naples is renowned as the birthplace of pizza and offers unparalleled culinary experiences. The city's charm lies in its contradictions?simultaneously chaotic and cultured, opulent and gritty?creating an authentic Italian experience that extends from its underground tunnels to its baroque churches and Renaissance piazzas. Whether exploring the National Archaeological Museum, witnessing the traditional miracle of San Gennaro, or wandering through the artisan shops of San Gregorio Armeno, visitors find themselves immersed in a city that masterfully blends historical grandeur with vibrant modern life.
Interesting Facts about Naples
- Naples was founded by Greek colonists in the 8th century BCE and originally named Neapolis, meaning "new city"
- The historic centre of Naples is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the largest in Europe, spanning over 17 square kilometres
- The city is home to the world's first pizzeria, Antica Pizzeria Port'Alba, which opened in 1830
- The Margherita pizza was created in Naples in 1889 to honour Queen Margherita of Savoy, featuring tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil to represent the Italian flag
- Castel dell'Ovo, a seaside fortress, derives its name from a legend that a magical egg hidden within its walls protects the city
- Mount Vesuvius, the volcano that destroyed Pompeii in 79 CE, lies just 12 kilometres southeast of Naples
- Teatro di San Carlo, inaugurated in 1737, is the oldest continuously active opera house in the world
- A network of ancient underground tunnels and catacombs, known as Napoli Sotterranea, lies beneath the city's streets
- The Sansevero Chapel houses the Veiled Christ, a marble sculpture renowned for its lifelike depiction of Christ's body beneath a translucent shroud
- Naples boasts more Michelin-starred restaurants than any other Italian city, with 24 establishments recognised in recent years
- The annual Feast of San Gennaro centres on a 600-year-old tradition where the saint's dried blood is said to miraculously liquefy
- The city's Central Funicular, opened in 1928, was once the longest such railway system globally
History
Naples, one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world, traces its origins to Greek settlements established in the second millennium BCE. The first mainland colony, initially known as Parthenope, developed on the Pizzofalcone hill in the 8th century BCE and was later refounded as Neapolis ('new city'). Even after the Romans conquered the area in 326 BCE, Naples retained its distinct Hellenistic culture and became a favoured holiday resort for wealthy Romans.
Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples experienced a succession of rulers, including the Byzantines, Goths, and native dukes. The city flourished particularly under Norman control in the 12th century, during which time the University of Naples was founded in 1224. The French Angevins later constructed the majestic Castel Nuovo, and under subsequent Spanish rule, Naples reached its zenith as Europe's largest city, becoming a paradise for Baroque art and architecture.
The 19th century brought significant changes to Naples, beginning with Napoleon's conquest and the creation of the short-lived Parthenopean Republic. When Italy unified in 1861, Naples joined the new Kingdom of Italy through a popular vote. Though the city initially lost much of its former importance after unification, it demonstrated remarkable resilience through various challenges, including the World Wars and a devastating earthquake in 1980. Today, Naples has undergone complete regeneration and stands as a thriving cultural hub, showcasing spectacular monuments that testament to its legendary past.
Main Attractions
Historic Buildings
Castel Nuovo (Maschio Angioino)
Dominating the Naples waterfront, Castel Nuovo, also known as Maschio Angioino, is a magnificent testament to the city's rich history. Built in the late 13th century by Charles I of Anjou, this imposing fortress has undergone several transformations, blending Medieval and Renaissance architectural styles. Its five cylindrical towers and grand entrance archway are particularly striking, offering a glimpse into the power and prestige of the Neapolitan rulers who once resided within its walls. Visitors can explore the castle's courtyards, admire its intricate sculptures, and ascend to the ramparts for panoramic views of the bustling port and the vast expanse of the Bay of Naples. The Palatine Chapel, with its Renaissance frescoes, is a must-see highlight, providing a glimpse into the artistic patronage of the Neapolitan court.
Castel dell'Ovo (Egg Castle)
Perched on the small island of Megaride, connected to the mainland by a narrow causeway, Castel dell'Ovo, or Egg Castle, exudes an air of mystery and ancient legend. Its name derives from a mythical tale involving the Roman poet Virgil, who supposedly placed a magical egg in the castle's foundations to ensure its prosperity. The castle's origins date back to the 1st century BCE, when the Roman general Lucius Licinius Lucullus built a luxurious villa on the island. Throughout the centuries, it served as a strategic stronghold, a royal residence, and even a prison. Today, visitors can wander through its ancient corridors, climb to the top of its towers for breathtaking vistas of the city and the sea, and explore the Norman Tower, the oldest part of the castle. The views, especially at sunset, are truly unforgettable, making Castel dell'Ovo a quintessential Neapolitan landmark.
Royal Palace (Palazzo Reale)
Located on the iconic Piazza del Plebiscito, the Royal Palace of Naples, or Palazzo Reale, stands as a symbol of the city's regal past. This grand 17th-century palace was once the residence of the Bourbon monarchs, who ruled over the Kingdom of Naples for centuries. Its imposing facade, adorned with statues of notable Neapolitan rulers, reflects the palace's historical significance. Inside, visitors can explore the lavishly decorated state rooms, adorned with priceless artworks, exquisite tapestries, and ornate furniture, offering a glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of the royal family. The palace also features a neoclassical staircase, considered a masterpiece of architectural design, and beautiful hanging gardens, providing a tranquil escape from the bustling city. Open to the public from Thursday to Tuesday, from 9:00 to 20:00, a visit to the Royal Palace is a journey through the grandeur and history of Naples' royal heritage.
Piazza del Plebiscito
Piazza del Plebiscito, Naples' largest square, is a grand and imposing space that serves as a focal point for the city's cultural and political life. Enclosed by the Royal Palace to the east and the San Francesco di Paola Basilica to the west, the square exudes a sense of historical significance and architectural grandeur. Its vast expanse is often used for public events, concerts, and festivals, drawing large crowds of locals and tourists alike. Legend has it that Queen Margherita declared that anyone who could cross the square blindfolded, starting from the door of the Royal Palace and walking straight between the two statues of horses, would be granted a wish. However, no one has ever succeeded, as the square's vastness and subtle slopes make it an impossible task. Whether you're attending an event, admiring the surrounding architecture, or simply soaking in the atmosphere, Piazza del Plebiscito is a must-see destination in Naples.
San Francesco di Paola Basilica
Dominating the western side of Piazza del Plebiscito, the San Francesco di Paola Basilica is an architectural masterpiece that exemplifies Neoclassical grandeur. Built in the early 19th century, this imposing church was commissioned by King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies as a votive offering after his restoration to the throne. Its design, inspired by the Pantheon in Rome, features a magnificent dome supported by towering Corinthian columns, creating a sense of awe and majesty. The interior is equally impressive, with its soaring ceilings, intricate stucco work, and impressive altars. The basilica serves as a spiritual centre for the city, hosting religious ceremonies and attracting visitors who come to admire its architectural beauty and historical significance. The steps leading up to the basilica also serve as a popular meeting point and vantage point for enjoying the vibrant atmosphere of Piazza del Plebiscito.
San Lorenzo Maggiore Basilica
Steeped in history and archaeological wonders, the San Lorenzo Maggiore Basilica offers a captivating glimpse into Naples' rich past. Originally built in the 6th century, the church was reconstructed in the Gothic style during the 13th century, showcasing a blend of architectural influences. However, the true marvel of this site lies beneath the church itself: a fascinating network of Greco-Roman ruins. Visitors can descend into the underground complex to explore the remains of an ancient Roman market, complete with shops, streets, and even a laundry. These well-preserved ruins provide a unique insight into the daily life of ancient Neapolitans. The basilica itself is also worth exploring, with its beautiful Gothic architecture, intricate stained-glass windows, and impressive artworks. A visit to San Lorenzo Maggiore is a journey through time, connecting visitors to the layers of history that lie beneath the modern city.
Naples Underground (Napoli Sotterranea)
Beneath the bustling streets of Naples lies a hidden world waiting to be explored: Naples Underground, or Napoli Sotterranea. This fascinating network of tunnels, aqueducts, and caves tells a story of the city's ancient past, from its Greek origins to its Roman and medieval periods. Carved out of the volcanic rock beneath the city, these underground spaces have served various purposes throughout history, from providing water to serving as bomb shelters during World War II. Today, visitors can take guided tours through the tunnels, exploring the ancient aqueducts, Roman ruins, and hidden chambers. The tours offer a unique perspective on Naples' history, revealing the secrets that lie beneath the surface. A visit to Naples Underground is an adventurous and educational experience, offering a glimpse into the city's hidden depths.
Catacombs of San Gennaro
The Catacombs of San Gennaro, located in Naples' Rione Sanità district, offer visitors a captivating journey through the city's ancient Christian history. These vast underground burial sites, the largest in southern Italy, span two levels and date back to the 2nd century CE. As you descend into the labyrinthine network of tombs and corridors, you'll encounter a fascinating array of early Christian art, including 2nd-century frescoes, 5th-century mosaics, and the oldest known portrait of San Gennaro, Naples' patron saint. The catacombs are not only a testament to the city's rich religious heritage but also showcase the remarkable engineering and artistic skills of early Christians. Guided tours, lasting approximately 1.5 hours, provide an immersive experience through this evocative underground world, allowing visitors to explore the Basilica of Sant'Agrippino, where masses are still held, and the Crypt of the Bishops, where Naples' early church leaders were laid to rest.
Bourbon Tunnel
The Bourbon Tunnel, or Galleria Borbonica, is a fascinating underground passageway in Naples that offers visitors a unique glimpse into the city's rich history. Originally commissioned by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon in 1853 as an escape route from the Royal Palace to military barracks, this 500-metre-long tunnel was never completed for its intended purpose. Instead, it has served various functions over the years, including as a bomb shelter during World War II and later as an impound lot for vehicles. Today, the Bourbon Tunnel is a popular tourist attraction, where visitors can explore its winding passages, marvel at the 16th-century aqueducts it incorporates, and view an eclectic collection of artefacts, including vintage cars and motorcycles abandoned underground. Guided tours offer insights into the tunnel's construction and its role in Naples' history, making it a must-visit destination for those interested in the city's subterranean secrets.
Top Museums
National Archaeological Museum (MANN)
The National Archaeological Museum of Naples, often referred to as MANN, stands as a cornerstone of Italy's cultural heritage, housing one of the most significant collections of Greco-Roman artefacts in the world. Its displays are largely drawn from the Bourbon collection, with substantial additions of finds from Pompeii, Herculaneum, and other sites in Campania.
The museum is particularly famed for its Roman sculptures, many of which are copies of Greek originals. Highlights include the awe-inspiring Farnese Bull, the largest single sculpture ever recovered from antiquity, and the Farnese Hercules, a colossal statue that reflects the power and artistry of the Roman era.
However, it is the Vesuvian collections that truly set MANN apart. Preserved under layers of volcanic ash, the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum offer an unparalleled snapshot of Roman daily life. Within the museum, visitors can marvel at the mosaics that once adorned the floors of opulent villas, depicting scenes from mythology, daily life, and the natural world. The 'Battle of Alexander with Darius' mosaic, a breathtakingly detailed depiction of the clash between Alexander the Great and the Persian king, is considered one of the finest mosaics ever discovered.
The collection of frescoes, painstakingly removed from the walls of Pompeian and Herculaneum residences, provides an intimate glimpse into Roman interior decoration. These frescoes reveal the artistic tastes, social customs, and religious beliefs of the inhabitants of these ill-fated cities. Beyond sculpture and mosaics, MANN also houses a remarkable collection of everyday objects, from kitchen utensils to medical instruments, offering a tangible connection to the lives of those who perished in the eruption of Vesuvius. The Egyptian collection is also worth exploring, offering insight into ancient Egyptian civilisation through a range of artefacts.
Capodimonte Museum
The Capodimonte Museum, residing within the grand Capodimonte Palace, offers a comprehensive survey of Italian and European art from the 13th to the 18th centuries, with a particular emphasis on Neapolitan painting. The palace itself, commissioned by Charles VII of Naples in 1738, is a work of art, set within a sprawling park that offers panoramic views of the city and the Bay of Naples.
The museum's collection began with the Farnese collection, inherited by Charles from his mother, Elisabetta Farnese. This collection forms the core of the museum's holdings, including masterpieces by Titian, Raphael, and Parmigianino. The Venetian paintings are particularly strong, with Titian's portraits and mythological scenes standing out for their vibrant colours and masterful brushwork.
The museum also boasts an impressive collection of works by Caravaggio, including his hauntingly realistic 'Flagellation of Christ', which exemplifies his dramatic use of light and shadow. The Neapolitan section of the museum showcases the evolution of painting in Naples from the 17th to the 18th centuries, including works by Jusepe de Ribera, Luca Giordano, and Francesco Solimena. These artists reflect the influence of both Spanish and Italian artistic traditions, creating a distinctive Neapolitan style.
Beyond paintings, the Capodimonte Museum also features a collection of decorative arts, including tapestries, porcelain, and furniture. The royal apartments, with their ornate decorations and lavish furnishings, offer a glimpse into the lives of the Bourbon monarchs who once resided in the palace. The museum's collection of porcelain from the Royal Factory of Capodimonte is particularly noteworthy, showcasing the exquisite craftsmanship and artistic innovation of Neapolitan artisans.
Sansevero Chapel Museum
Hidden away in a narrow street in the heart of Naples' historic centre, the Sansevero Chapel Museum is a jewel of Neapolitan art and sculpture, known for its extraordinary and enigmatic collection of 18th-century artworks. This small, unassuming chapel holds within its walls some of the most remarkable sculptures ever created, most notably the Veiled Christ.
The Veiled Christ, sculpted by Giuseppe Sanmartino in 1753, is a masterpiece of Baroque sculpture. The sculpture depicts the body of Christ after his crucifixion, covered by a thin, translucent veil. The skill with which Sanmartino rendered the veil, giving the illusion of delicate fabric clinging to the contours of Christ's body, is truly astonishing. Legend has it that the veil was created through alchemy, a claim that adds to the chapel's mystique.
The chapel also houses other allegorical statues, each representing a different virtue or concept. These statues, sculpted by artists such as Antonio Corradini and Francesco Queirolo, are equally impressive in their technical skill and symbolic complexity. 'Modesty', also known as 'Pudicizia', sculpted by Corradini, is another remarkable work, depicting a veiled woman standing next to a broken tomb.
Adding to the chapel's intrigue are the Anatomical Machines, two skeletal structures with intricately detailed circulatory systems. These anatomical models, created in the 18th century, are believed to have been commissioned by Raimondo di Sangro, the Prince of Sansevero, a figure known for his scientific curiosity and esoteric interests. The purpose and methods used to create these machines remain a mystery, fueling speculation and legend.
MADRE (Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina)
MADRE, the contemporary art museum of Naples, provides a dynamic counterpoint to the city's rich historical heritage. Housed in the Palazzo Donnaregina, a historic building that once served as a monastery, MADRE showcases a diverse range of contemporary artworks from both Italian and international artists.
The museum's permanent collection features works by leading figures in contemporary art, including Anish Kapoor, Jeff Koons, and Richard Serra. These works, spanning painting, sculpture, installation, and performance art, reflect the diverse approaches and concerns of contemporary artists.
MADRE is committed to showcasing emerging artists and fostering dialogue between art and society. The museum regularly hosts temporary exhibitions that explore a wide range of themes and issues, from social justice to environmental concerns. These exhibitions often feature site-specific installations that respond to the unique architecture and history of the Palazzo Donnaregina.
The museum also plays an active role in the local community, offering educational programs and workshops for children and adults. MADRE aims to make contemporary art accessible to a wide audience and to promote critical thinking and creative expression.
Local Cuisine
Naples boasts a rich culinary heritage centred around fresh Mediterranean ingredients and time-honoured traditions. The city is renowned for its iconic Neapolitan pizza, featuring a thin, charred crust topped with locally grown volcanic soil tomatoes and buffalo mozzarella. Beyond pizza, the local cuisine offers a delightful array of pasta dishes, from the hearty pasta e fagioli to the seafood-rich spaghetti alle vongole. The city's coastal location influences its abundant seafood offerings, with octopus dishes and fresh clams featuring prominently in traditional recipes. Comfort foods like pasta e patate con provola and polpette al sugo showcase the city's mastery of transforming simple ingredients into flavourful dishes. Street food enthusiasts will appreciate local specialities such as taralli, crispy ring-shaped snacks perfect for nibbling whilst exploring the city's vibrant streets. Also worth trying are the zeppole di San Giuseppe, typical Neapolitan pastries traditionally prepared to celebrate St. Joseph's Day (La Festa di San Giuseppe) on 19th March.
Shopping
Naples offers a diverse shopping experience, with retail options ranging from traditional markets to high-end boutiques. The bustling Via Toledo stretches over a kilometre through the city centre, hosting international brands and local shops selling clothing, jewellery, and cosmetics. For bespoke tailoring and luxury items, the pedestrianised Via Chiaia showcases Naples' finest tailors and artisans. Local markets like La Pignasecca and Poggioreale provide authentic experiences, where you can find fresh produce, handcrafted leather goods, and designer surplus items. The city's shopping hours typically run Monday to Saturday, 9:00-13:00 and 16:00-20:00, though supermarkets and department stores maintain longer hours and Sunday trading. For unique souvenirs, the streets around Spaccanapoli offer traditional crafts, including elaborate nativity scenes, Neapolitan masks, and the iconic Pulcinella good luck charms. Non-EU visitors spending over €155 on single items can claim VAT refunds at participating shops displaying 'tax free Italy' signs.
Notable Shopping Streets
Via San Gregorio Armeno
Wandering down Via San Gregorio Armeno is like stepping into a year-round Christmas wonderland. This narrow, cobblestone alley in the heart of Naples' historic centre is renowned for its artisan shops crafting traditional nativity figurines, known as "pastori." Throughout the year, the street is abuzz with activity as artisans meticulously create these intricate figures, depicting not only the Holy Family but also a wide array of characters from Neapolitan life, including pizza makers, musicians, and even contemporary celebrities. The craftsmanship on display is truly remarkable, with each figure showcasing incredible attention to detail. Even if you're not looking to purchase a nativity scene, a stroll down Via San Gregorio Armeno is a feast for the senses, immersing you in the sights, sounds, and smells of Neapolitan tradition.
Spaccanapoli
Cutting a straight line through the heart of Naples' historic centre, Spaccanapoli is more than just a street; it's the lifeblood of the city. This narrow, bustling thoroughfare, whose name translates to "Naples splitter," offers a sensory overload of sights, sounds, and smells, embodying the city's vibrant and chaotic spirit. Lined with historic buildings, churches, shops, and restaurants, Spaccanapoli is a microcosm of Neapolitan life. As you stroll along its crowded sidewalks, you'll encounter street vendors hawking their wares, locals chatting animatedly, and Vespas zipping through the narrow lanes. Be sure to explore the side streets branching off Spaccanapoli, where you'll discover hidden courtyards, ancient churches, and traditional artisan workshops. A walk along Spaccanapoli is an essential experience for anyone seeking to immerse themselves in the authentic atmosphere of Naples.
Via Toledo
Via Toledo, one of Naples' most iconic streets, is a bustling thoroughfare that embodies the city's vibrant energy and historical charm. Dating back to 1536, this long, straight street stretches from Piazza Dante to Piazza Trieste e Trento, serving as a major artery for both locals and tourists. Lined with a diverse array of shops, from high-end boutiques to traditional artisan workshops, Via Toledo is a shopper's paradise. It's also home to several iconic monuments, including the Galleria Umberto I and the Teatro Augusteo, adding to its architectural grandeur. The street is always alive with activity, with pedestrians strolling along its wide sidewalks, street performers entertaining passersby, and the constant hum of city life providing a vibrant backdrop. A stroll down Via Toledo is a quintessential Neapolitan experience, offering a glimpse into the city's history, culture, and commercial spirit.
Galleria Umberto I
The Galleria Umberto I is a stunning example of 19th-century architecture and a true masterpiece of design. This magnificent public shopping arcade, located just off Via Toledo, is a testament to Naples' Belle Époque era. Its soaring glass dome, supported by intricate ironwork, floods the interior with natural light, creating a bright and airy atmosphere. The galleria is adorned with elaborate stucco work, ornate sculptures, and colourful mosaics, showcasing the artistry and craftsmanship of the period. Lined with shops, cafes, and restaurants, the Galleria Umberto I is a popular destination for both locals and tourists. Its central location and architectural beauty make it a perfect place to take a break from sightseeing, enjoy a coffee, and soak in the grandeur of this iconic Neapolitan landmark.
Galleria Principe di Napoli
The Gallery Prince of Naples, or Galleria Principe di Napoli, is a charming architectural gem nestled in the heart of Naples, Italy. Constructed between 1873 and 1883 by architects Nicola Breglia and Giovanni De Novellis, this intimate shopping arcade was part of a broader urban renovation sweeping across Europe during the late 19th century. Situated between the Academy of Fine Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology, the gallery boasts a design inspired by the arcades of London and the 'passages' of Paris. Its relatively modest scale and intimate atmosphere make it a delightful spot for visitors to explore, offering a glimpse into the social and commercial life of 19th-century Naples. After undergoing restoration in 2007-2009, the gallery has been revitalised, with reopened spaces on the upper floors and the installation of glass doors at its three entrances.
Nature in and around Naples
Naples offers a stunning array of natural wonders that make it a remarkable destination for nature enthusiasts. The city is dominated by the iconic Mount Vesuvius, housed within the vast Vesuvio National Park, which boasts over 600 plant species and 227 animal species. The picturesque Parco Virgiliano provides breathtaking views of the Gulf of Naples and features walking trails and terraces overlooking Mount Vesuvius and the Amalfi Coast. Nature lovers can explore the unique Vallone dei Mulini, a historic valley with rare plant species and volcanic tuff formations, or visit the Riserva Naturale Cratere degli Astroni, a well-preserved volcanic crater teeming with diverse bird species. For those seeking coastal beauty, the Marine Protected Neighbourhood Punta Campanella showcases stunning cliffs and pristine waters, whilst the thermal springs of Baia di Sorgeto Ischia offer a relaxing natural spa experience just off the Neapolitan coast.
Getting Around
Naples boasts a comprehensive public transport network that makes exploring the city remarkably convenient. The metro system features two main lines (Line 1 and Line 2) running from 6:00 to 23:00, complemented by unique funicular railways that climb the city's steep hills whilst offering spectacular views. The extensive bus and tram network covers most areas not served by the metro, operating throughout the day and some routes even continuing through the night. The city's integrated ticketing system allows travellers to use all forms of transport with a single ticket, with options ranging from 90-minute passes to daily tickets. Whilst the historic centre's narrow streets like Spaccanapoli are too slim for vehicles, the surrounding areas are well-connected by various transport options, making it simple to reach key attractions, including the port for ferries to nearby islands like Capri and Procida.
Best Time to Visit
The optimal time to visit Naples is during the spring months of April to June, or autumn months of September to October, when the weather is pleasantly mild and the city is less crowded. May stands out as a particularly excellent month, featuring numerous cultural events including 'Il maggio dei monumenti', when many historic monuments open their doors to the public. These shoulder seasons offer reliably blue skies and comfortable temperatures perfect for urban exploration, with June and September delivering summer warmth without the overwhelming August crowds. During these periods, visitors can enjoy shorter queues at major attractions, better accommodation deals, and ideal conditions for exploring both the city's rich cultural heritage and making excursions to nearby destinations like the Amalfi Coast.