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Introduction
Rome, the capital of Italy, is situated on the banks of the river Tiber and was founded atop seven historic hills. The city, with a population of 2.8 million, stands as Europe's third most visited destination, drawing over 16 million visitors annually. Known as the 'Eternal City' during ancient times, Rome boasts an extraordinary concentration of historical landmarks, including 900 churches and 280 fountains. The city enjoys a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and warm summers, receiving approximately 2,500 hours of sunshine yearly. From the iconic Colosseum and Roman Forum to the Vatican Museums, which attract 6.5 million visitors annually, Rome presents an unparalleled blend of ancient ruins, Renaissance art, and modern Italian culture. The city centre, best explored on foot, offers a remarkable collection of archaeological sites, museums, historic squares, and renowned culinary establishments.
Interesting Facts about Rome
- Rome was founded in 735 BCE by Romulus, who, according to legend, was raised by a she-wolf alongside his brother Remus before founding the city.
- The Trevi Fountain collects approximately €3,000 nightly, which is donated to charity to support needy families in Rome.
- Ancient Romans used gladiator blood as a fertility remedy and believed it had medicinal properties.
- Rome?s Pantheon boasts the world?s largest unreinforced concrete dome, a testament to ancient Roman engineering.
- The Colosseum could be flooded to stage naval battles, known as naumachiae, during its heyday.
- Over 300,000 stray cats are legally protected in Rome and permitted to roam freely among historic sites like the Colosseum.
- Emperor Trajan built the first shopping mall in Rome, featuring multi-level shops and restaurants, around 110 CE.
- SPQR, an acronym for Senatus Populusque Romanus (The Senate and People of Rome), remains a symbol found throughout the city.
- Rome has more than 900 churches, the highest number of any city globally, including the sovereign Vatican City within its borders.
- The ancient Romans invented concrete, using volcanic ash and lime to construct enduring structures like the Pantheon.
- Prostitutes in ancient Rome were required by law to dye their hair blonde for easy identification.
- Romans traditionally avoid cappuccinos after 11am, opting instead for espresso in accordance with local coffee customs.
- Italy?s first McDonald?s opened near the Spanish Steps in 1986, sparking protests from traditional food advocates.
- The Bocca della Verità (Mouth of Truth) was once believed to bite off the hands of liars who placed them inside.
- Only 10% of ancient Rome has been excavated, leaving vast archaeological treasures still buried underground.
History
Rome was founded in 753 BCE, traditionally by the legendary twins Romulus and Remus, though archaeological evidence shows human settlement on the Palatine Hill dating back to 1,000 BCE. The city developed under Etruscan influence, with the last three kings being of Etruscan descent, until 509 BCE when the Roman Republic was established. The Republic marked a transition from monarchical rule to a system of elected magistrates and senators. During this period, Rome expanded rapidly, defeating neighbouring tribes and establishing dominance in Latium. The Republic evolved into the Roman Empire in 27 BCE under Augustus, who became the first emperor and maintained peace for 30 years.
The Roman Empire became the Mediterranean's most powerful civilisation, developing sophisticated systems of governance, engineering, and culture. Notable achievements included the construction of the Colosseum, the development of an extensive road network, and the granting of citizenship to all empire inhabitants in 212 CE. Emperor Hadrian reconstructed the Pantheon in 125 CE, giving it its current appearance. The empire ultimately split in 395 CE, with the Western Empire falling in 476 CE after successive invasions by Germanic tribes. During the medieval period, Rome's population drastically declined, falling to as low as 20,000 inhabitants.
During the Renaissance (15th-16th centuries), Rome experienced a remarkable cultural revival, becoming a hub for artists like Michelangelo and Raphael, who created masterpieces such as the new St Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel. In the 20th century, the city underwent significant changes during the Fascist period, with many Renaissance buildings being demolished under Mussolini's urban planning initiatives. Rome became the capital of the Italian Republic in 1946 and has grown into a major global city, with a population of 4.4 million as of 2015. Modern Rome features 280 fountains and more than 900 churches, showcasing its rich historical and cultural heritage.
Main Attractions
Remember, Rome wasn't built in a day, and it certainly can't be seen in one! Take your time to explore these attractions, savour the local cuisine, and immerse yourself in the vibrant atmosphere of this eternal city. Each corner of Rome tells a story, and every visit reveals new wonders in this open-air museum of history and culture.
Ancient Roman Sites
The Colosseum
The Colosseum, Rome's most iconic monument and the world's largest amphitheatre, stands as a testament to the architectural brilliance of ancient Rome. Completed in 80 CE under Emperor Titus, this magnificent structure once hosted gladiatorial contests, mock sea battles, and spectacular public events, accommodating up to 80,000 spectators across its three-tiered seating system. Today, despite being nearly 2,000 years old, the Colosseum continues to dominate Rome's skyline and attracts over 6 million visitors annually. The amphitheatre spans an impressive 5 acres, measuring 612 feet in length and 515 feet in width, with its robust concrete foundation and complex system of archways ensuring its survival through earthquakes, fires, and stone robbery. Visitors can explore the first and second tiers, whilst special tours grant access to the reconstructed arena floor, the underground hypogeum where gladiators and animals were once kept, and the upper levels offering panoramic views of Rome.
Roman Forum
The Roman Forum, nestled between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills in the heart of Rome, stands as the most impressive archaeological site in the Eternal City, drawing over 4.5 million visitors annually. This rectangular plaza served as the epicentre of ancient Roman civilisation for more than a millennium, hosting everything from political debates and religious ceremonies to criminal trials and social gatherings. Today, visitors can explore the magnificent ruins of temples, government buildings, and monuments that tell the story of Rome's glorious past. Notable structures include the well-preserved Temple of Saturn with its eight imposing columns, the Arch of Titus commemorating Roman military victories, and the Curia where the Roman Senate convened. The Via Sacra, the main thoroughfare still bearing ancient chariot wheel marks, guides visitors through this open-air museum, offering an unparalleled glimpse into the daily life, governance, and spiritual beliefs of the Roman Empire.
Trajan's Column
Trajan's Column is a remarkable 38-metre marble monument that has captivated visitors for nearly two millennia. Completed in 113 CE, this masterpiece of Roman architecture was erected to commemorate Emperor Trajan's victories in the Dacian Wars. The column's most striking feature is its extraordinary spiral frieze, which winds around the shaft 23 times and stretches an impressive 200 metres if unravelled. This intricate relief tells the story of Trajan's military campaigns through 2,500 detailed figures, with the emperor himself appearing 59 times throughout the narrative. Originally, these carvings were painted in vibrant colours, making the historical narrative even more spectacular. Today, whilst the original bronze statue of Trajan no longer crowns the column—having been replaced by a statue of St Peter in 1587—the monument remains remarkably well-preserved and continues to stand as a testament to Rome's imperial might.
Palatine Hill
The Palatine Hill, the most renowned of Rome's seven hills, stands as a majestic testament to the city's ancient heritage. Perched between the Roman Forum and Circus Maximus, this historic elevation is widely considered the birthplace of Rome, where according to legend, Romulus founded the city after slaying his brother Remus. The hill has been inhabited since 1000 BC and evolved from an aristocratic residential area during the Republican period to become the exclusive domain of Roman emperors during the Empire. Today, visitors can explore an impressive collection of archaeological treasures, including the Houses of Augustus and Livia, the Domus Flavia, and the Farnese Gardens. The site offers some of the most spectacular views over the Roman Forum and serves as a peaceful retreat from the bustling city, complete with shady trees and wildflowers. The Palatine Museum, housed in a former convent, showcases valuable artefacts discovered during excavations, making the hill an essential stop for anyone interested in experiencing the heart of ancient Rome.
Circus Maximus
The Circus Maximus, nestled between the Palatine and Aventine hills in Rome, stands as the largest entertainment venue of antiquity and one of the most impressive stadiums ever built. This magnificent structure, measuring 600 metres long by 140 metres wide, began as a simple agricultural landscape in the 6th century BC before evolving into ancient Rome's premier venue for chariot races and public spectacles. At its peak during the Imperial Era, it could accommodate up to 250,000 spectators who gathered to witness thrilling chariot races, athletic competitions, and grand public events. Today, whilst most of the original structure lies metres underground, visitors can explore the vast public park and experience its former glory through an innovative virtual reality tour called "Circo Maximo Experience," which brings the ancient splendour to life. The site remains a powerful symbol of Rome's ancient grandeur, where modern visitors can stand in the same valley that once echoed with the thunderous cheers of Roman crowds.
Pantheon
The Pantheon stands as Rome's best-preserved ancient monument, an architectural marvel that has endured for nearly two millennia. Originally built as a temple between 27-25 BCE and twice reconstructed, the current structure was completed around 126 CE under Emperor Hadrian. Its most striking feature is the massive concrete dome, which remains the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome, crowned by an impressive eight-metre-wide oculus that bathes the interior in natural light. The building's perfect proportions are demonstrated by the fact that the height to the oculus equals the diameter of the interior, both measuring 43 metres. Since 609 CE, it has served as a Catholic church, which helped preserve it through the centuries. Today, visitors can explore this magnificent structure daily from 9:00 to 19:00 for a modest entrance fee of €5, though it's worth noting that the building still serves as an active church and hosts regular masses.
Interior of the Pantheon
Ara Pacis Augustae
The Ara Pacis Augustae, or Altar of Augustan Peace, stands as one of Rome's most remarkable ancient monuments, housed in a modern museum along the Lungotevere in Augusta. This exquisite altar, crafted from pristine Carrara marble between 13 and 9 BCE, was commissioned by the Roman Senate to commemorate Emperor Augustus's triumphant return from campaigns in Spain and Gaul. The monument features intricate relief sculptures depicting the imperial family in procession, mythological scenes, and elaborate floral friezes symbolising peace and prosperity during the Pax Romana. Originally located in the Campus Martius, the altar remained buried under silt for centuries until its excavation and reconstruction in 1938. Today, visitors can admire this masterpiece of Roman sculpture daily from 9:30 to 19:30 in a contemporary building designed by Richard Meier, which opened in 2006. The museum charges €11 for adult admission and stands conveniently near popular attractions like Piazza del Popolo and the Spanish Steps.
Castel Sant'Angelo
Castel Sant'Angelo, an iconic Roman monument originally built as Emperor Hadrian's mausoleum between 134-139 CE, stands majestically on the right bank of the River Tiber. This remarkable cylindrical fortress has served multiple roles throughout its nearly 2,000-year history, transforming from an imperial tomb to a papal stronghold, prison, and now a museum. The castle earned its current name in 590 CE when Pope Gregory I reportedly witnessed a vision of Archangel Michael sheathing his sword atop the structure, signalling the end of a devastating plague. Connected to the Vatican via the fortified Passetto di Borgo corridor, the castle houses an impressive collection of Renaissance frescoes, medieval weapons, and opulent papal apartments across its five floors. Today, visitors can explore its rich history whilst enjoying breathtaking panoramic views of Rome from its famous terrace, making it one of the city's most fascinating historical attractions.
Castel Sant'Angelo
Baths of Diocletian
The Baths of Diocletian, the largest imperial bathhouse ever built in ancient Rome, stand as a remarkable testament to Roman engineering and social life. Constructed between 298 and 306 CE, this colossal complex covered 13 hectares and could accommodate up to 3,000 people simultaneously. The baths featured the traditional Roman bathing sequence of frigidarium (cold room), tepidarium (warm room), and caldarium (hot room), alongside impressive facilities including gymnasiums, libraries, and an enormous outdoor swimming pool. The complex remained operational until 537 CE when the Ostrogoths cut off the aqueducts during their siege of Rome. Today, visitors can explore the well-preserved ruins, which house part of the National Roman Museum, and marvel at the magnificent Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, designed by Michelangelo in the 16th century. The site showcases stunning vaulted ceilings, ancient Roman architectural prowess, and a beautiful cloister garden displaying nearly 400 classical works of art, including statues, sarcophagi, and reliefs.
Baths of Caracalla
The Baths of Caracalla (Terme di Caracalla) stand as one of Rome's most magnificent ancient ruins, offering visitors a glimpse into the grandeur of Imperial Roman life. Built between 212 and 216 CE under Emperor Caracalla, this sprawling 10-hectare complex was more than just a bathhouse—it was a comprehensive leisure centre featuring gymnasiums, libraries, shops and gardens that could accommodate up to 8,000 visitors daily. The impressive remains showcase the remarkable engineering and architectural prowess of ancient Rome, with its vast vaulted chambers, intricate underground tunnels, and stunning black and white mosaics still visible today. The complex operated continuously until 537 AD when the Visigoths cut off Rome's water supply, and whilst only a fraction of its original opulence remains, the ruins continue to captivate visitors with their sheer scale and historical significance. Today, the site offers an immersive experience into Roman bathing culture, complete with virtual reality headsets available for hire, and during summer evenings, the atmospheric setting serves as a dramatic backdrop for opera and ballet performances.
Religious Landmarks
St Peter's Basilica
St Peter's Basilica, situated in Vatican City, stands as one of the world's largest and most significant churches, embodying both Renaissance and Baroque architectural brilliance. The current basilica, built between 1506 and 1626, replaced an older 4th-century structure commissioned by Emperor Constantine. The magnificent edifice spans 23,000 square metres, featuring a stunning dome designed by Michelangelo that soars 136.6 metres high and dominates Rome's skyline. The basilica houses countless artistic treasures, including Michelangelo's Pietà, Bernini's baldachin, and numerous chapels, monuments, and altars. As the spiritual heart of Roman Catholicism, it marks the burial site of Saint Peter, the first Pope, and serves as the primary church where the current Pope conducts major liturgical ceremonies. The church's grand interior, adorned with marble mosaics, paintings, and tapestries, welcomes visitors daily from 7:00 to 18:30, offering free admission to those wishing to marvel at its architectural splendour and religious significance.
St Peter's Square
This renowned piazza sits at the feet of the basilica, creating one of the world's most famous squares. Designed by Bernini, it's framed by two massive colonnades and features an Egyptian obelisk at its centre. On Wednesdays, when the Pope is in Rome, he often gives a public audience in the square.
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
One of Rome's four major basilicas, this 5th-century church boasts stunning mosaics, a Baroque exterior, and a beautiful coffered ceiling. It's said to house wood from Jesus's crib in its confessio.
Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
The official ecclesiastical seat of the Pope, this basilica is the oldest of the four major basilicas in Rome. Its impressive facade and interior, along with the nearby Holy Stairs, make it a must-visit for those interested in religious history.
Iconic Squares and Fountains
Trevi Fountain
The Trevi Fountain stands as Rome's largest and most magnificent Baroque fountain, nestled in the heart of the city's Trevi district. This architectural masterpiece, completed in 1762, measures an impressive 26.3 metres in height and 49.15 metres in width, featuring intricate sculptures depicting Oceanus, the god of water, alongside Tritons and mythological figures. The fountain marks the terminus of the ancient Aqua Virgo aqueduct, dating back to 19 BC, and its name derives from 'tre vie' (three roads) that converge at its location. The fountain's grandeur is enhanced by its construction materials, with the façade crafted from Travertine stone and statues carved from Carrara marble. A beloved tradition encourages visitors to toss coins over their left shoulder with their right hand—one coin promises a return to Rome, two coins suggest finding love with an Italian, and three coins foretell marriage. Each year, approximately one million euros in coins are collected from the fountain's waters and donated to charity.
Trevi Fountain
Piazza Navona
Piazza Navona, one of Rome's most spectacular Baroque squares, sits atop the ruins of the 1st-century Stadium of Domitian. This elegant oval-shaped piazza features three magnificent fountains, with Bernini's masterpiece Fountain of the Four Rivers (Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi) as its centrepiece, crowned by an Egyptian obelisk. The fountain's four colossal figures represent the major rivers of the continents known at the time: the Danube, Ganges, Nile, and Rio della Plata. The square is dominated by the Church of Sant'Agnese in Agone, a stunning example of Baroque architecture, whilst the Palazzo Pamphilj, now home to the Brazilian Embassy, adds to the square's grandeur. Street artists, musicians, and cafes create a vibrant atmosphere, making it a perfect spot for people-watching, particularly magical at night when the fountains are illuminated. Each December, the piazza transforms into a festive Christmas market that runs through to early January, adding to its year-round charm as one of Rome's most beloved public spaces.
Piazza Navona
Piazza di Spagna (Spanish Steps)
Piazza di Spagna, one of Rome's most renowned squares, lies at the foot of the iconic Spanish Steps in the heart of the city centre. The square takes its name from the Spanish Embassy to the Holy See, which has been located there since the 17th century. The centrepiece of this elegant piazza is the famous Fontana della Barcaccia (Fountain of the Ugly Boat), designed by Pietro Bernini and his son Gian Lorenzo in 1627. The square's most striking feature is the monumental Spanish Steps, officially known as Scalinata della Trinità dei Monti, which were built between 1723-1726 and consist of 135 travertine steps rising dramatically to the Trinità dei Monti church. Today, the area surrounding the square is home to some of Rome's most exclusive shopping streets and luxury boutiques, making it a bustling hub of fashion, culture and tourism. Whilst visitors are no longer permitted to sit on the steps due to preservation laws introduced in 2019, the square remains one of Rome's most photographed attractions and offers splendid views over the Eternal City from its summit.
Piazza di Spagna
Campo de' Fiori
Campo de' Fiori, which literally means "field of flowers" in Italian, is a vibrant square in the heart of Rome's historic centre, situated between Piazza Navona and the Tiber River. This charming piazza hosts one of Rome's most renowned and colourful markets Monday through Saturday from 7:00 to 14:00, where vendors sell fresh produce, flowers, and local goods. The square is notably the only monumental piazza in Rome without a church and is dominated by a brooding statue of Giordano Bruno, a philosopher who was burnt at the stake for heresy in 1600. Originally a meadow until the 15th century, the square was paved in 1456 under Pope Callistus III and has since evolved into a bustling hub of Roman life. By day, locals and tourists alike flock to its market stalls, whilst by night the area transforms into one of Rome's liveliest spots, with numerous restaurants, bars and cafés creating a vibrant atmosphere that draws both locals and visitors.
Statue of Giordano Bruno on Campo de' Fiori
Piazza del Popolo
This neo-classical square features twin churches, the Porta del Popolo city gate, and an Egyptian obelisk. It marks the ancient northern entrance to the city and is the starting point of Via del Corso, one of Rome's main shopping streets. Climb the steps to the Pincio terrace for a beautiful view over the square and the city beyond.
Hidden Gems
Via Appia Antica (Appian Way)
The Via Appia Antica, also known as the Appian Way, is one of Rome's most remarkable ancient roads and a testament to Roman engineering brilliance. Commissioned in 312 BCE by Appius Claudius Caecus, this historic thoroughfare stretches from Rome to Brindisi and was dubbed the 'regina viarum' (queen of roads). The road was ingeniously constructed with a foundation of lime mortar and stones, topped with tightly fitted lava blocks that have withstood the test of time. Today, visitors can explore the first few miles of this ancient marvel, which is flanked by spectacular monuments, Roman ruins, and towering pine trees. Notable attractions include the Catacombs of San Callisto, the Church of Domine Quo Vadis, the impressive Tomb of Cecilia Metella, and the Villa dei Quintili. The road is particularly lovely on Sundays and holidays when it is closed to private traffic, allowing visitors to stroll or cycle along this historic path whilst admiring the surrounding parkland of the Parco Regionale dell'Appia Antica.
Via Appia Antica
Belvedere del Giancolo
Located on Rome's second-tallest hill, this viewpoint offers panoramic views of the city. The Janiculum Hill is also home to the Fontana dell'Acqua Paola, a monumental fountain, and a daily cannon fire at noon, a tradition dating back to the 19th century.
Quartiere Coppedè
Tucked away in Rome's Trieste district between Via Salaria and Via Nomentana lies the enchanting Quartiere Coppedè, a whimsical architectural wonderland designed by Florentine architect Gino Coppedè between 1913 and 1927. This hidden gem comprises 26 palaces and 17 villas, showcasing an extraordinary blend of Art Nouveau, Art Deco, Ancient Greek, Medieval, Gothic, and Baroque styles. Visitors enter through a dramatic arched entrance adorned with an ornate iron chandelier, leading to the district's heart at Piazza Mincio, where the celebrated Fountain of the Frogs takes centre stage. Notable buildings include the Spider Palace, with its distinctive arachnid motif, and the asymmetrical Fairy Houses, all featuring an eclectic mix of decorative elements such as frescoes, gargoyles, and intricate stonework. Whilst there are no cafes or restaurants within the quarter itself, this architectural marvel offers a delightfully peculiar escape from Rome's more frequented tourist spots.
Quartiere Coppedè
Galleria Sciarra
A hidden architectural gem lies just a stone's throw from Rome's bustling Trevi Fountain. The Galleria Sciarra, nestled between Via Marco Minghetti and Piazza dell'Oratorio, stands as one of Rome's rare examples of Art Nouveau architecture. Built between 1885 and 1888 as part of Palazzo Sciarra Colonna di Carbognano, this covered walkway features a stunning glass and iron vault ceiling that bathes the interior in natural light. The gallery's most remarkable feature is its breathtaking frescoes painted by Giuseppe Cellini, celebrating the 'glorification of women' through depictions of female virtues such as Modesty, Strength, and Fidelity. The walls are adorned with Art Nouveau motifs, featuring elegant floral designs and scenes of 19th-century bourgeois life. Whilst the structure serves as an office building today, its magnificent courtyard remains open to the public during business hours, offering visitors a peaceful respite from Rome's busy streets and a chance to admire one of the city's most splendid examples of Liberty-style architecture.
Galleria Sciarra
Charming Neighbourhoods
Trastevere
Trastevere, meaning 'across the Tiber', is Rome's most charming and authentic neighbourhood, situated on the western bank of the Tiber River, south of Vatican City. This bohemian district captivates visitors with its maze of narrow cobblestone streets, ivy-covered buildings in warm ochre hues, and a vibrant atmosphere that perfectly captures the essence of Roman life. At its heart lies the Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere, dominated by the magnificent Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome's oldest Marian church, renowned for its stunning 12th-century mosaics and golden Byzantine decorations. The area's rich history dates back to ancient Rome, when it was home to a diverse population of Jews, Syrians and early Christians, creating a unique cultural identity that persists to this day. Modern Trastevere seamlessly blends historical landmarks with a lively contemporary scene, boasting some of Rome's finest restaurants, wine bars and artisanal shops, making it an essential destination for travellers seeking to experience the authentic heart of the Eternal City.
Piazza di Santa Maria in Trastevere at sunset
Jewish Quarter
This historic neighbourhood features unique architecture and culinary traditions, including the fascinating Isola Tiberina in the Tiber River. Visit the Great Synagogue, sample local specialities like fried artichokes, and explore the atmospheric streets. The area is particularly poignant due to its history during World War II, commemorated by brass cobblestones known as 'stumbling stones'.
Monti
Once a slum in ancient Rome, Monti is now a trendy neighbourhood filled with vintage shops, artisan workshops, and hip bars. It's a great area to explore if you're looking for unique souvenirs or a break from the tourist crowds. The Piazza della Madonna dei Monti is a popular gathering spot for locals.
Testaccio
This working-class neighbourhood is a food lover's paradise. Home to Rome's old slaughterhouse (now a contemporary art museum), Testaccio is known for its traditional Roman cuisine. Visit the bustling food market, try local specialities in family-run trattorias, and explore the Monte Testaccio, an ancient Roman waste mound.
Top Museums
Rome stands as a global epicenter of art and culture, housing some of the world's most prestigious museums.
Vatican Museums Complex
The Vatican Museums, situated in Vatican City, Rome, stand as one of the world's most significant cultural institutions, housing an extraordinary collection of over 70,000 artworks amassed by popes throughout the centuries. This vast complex encompasses 54 galleries across nine buildings, showcasing approximately 20,000 pieces to the public, including masterpieces of Renaissance art, classical sculptures, and archaeological treasures. The museums' highlights include the iconic Sistine Chapel with Michelangelo's magnificent frescoes, Raphael's Rooms with their stunning wall paintings, and the Pio-Clementine Museum's remarkable collection of classical sculptures, including the famous Apollo Belvedere and Laocoön and His Sons. Visitors can explore everything from Egyptian antiquities to modern religious art, making it the second most-visited art museum globally after the Louvre. The museums are open Monday through Saturday, with special free admission on the last Sunday of each month, though booking tickets in advance is highly recommended to avoid the notoriously long queues.
Gallery of Maps Perspective View, Vatican Museums
Museo Pio-Clementino
The heart of the Vatican's classical antiquities collection features the iconic Laocoon Group, depicting the Trojan priest and his sons in their fatal struggle with sea serpents. The Belvedere Apollo, considered the epitome of classical male beauty, stands as another masterpiece. The museum's octagonal Belvedere Courtyard houses the celebrated Belvedere Torso, which greatly influenced Michelangelo's work.
Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel stands as one of the world's most revered artistic and religious treasures. This magnificent chapel, named after Pope Sixtus IV who commissioned its construction in 1473, is renowned for its breathtaking frescoes, most notably Michelangelo's masterful ceiling painted between 1508 and 1512, and his later work 'The Last Judgement' completed between 1535 and 1541. The chapel serves multiple functions, hosting papal ceremonies including the papal conclave where new popes are elected, and regular religious services. Today, visitors can explore this architectural marvel Monday through Saturday, with the best time to visit being early afternoon to avoid peak crowds. The chapel's 800-square-metre ceiling showcases nine panels depicting scenes from Genesis, including the iconic 'Creation of Adam', whilst the surrounding walls feature works by other Renaissance masters such as Botticelli and Perugino, making it an unparalleled destination for art enthusiasts and spiritual seekers alike
Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museums
Pinacoteca Vaticana
This picture gallery contains masterpieces spanning from the medieval period to the 19th century. Highlights include Raphael's "Transfiguration," his last and most ambitious work, and "The Madonna of Foligno." Leonardo da Vinci's unfinished "St. Jerome in the Wilderness" provides rare insights into the master's working methods.
Egyptian Museum
Housing artifacts from ancient Egypt, this section includes mummies, hieroglyphic tablets, and the remarkable Grassi Collection. Notable pieces include statues from Heliopolis and artifacts from the Valley of the Kings.
Etruscan Museum
Nine rooms showcase Etruscan artifacts, including the Mars of Todi and the Veii Apollo. The collection provides crucial insights into pre-Roman Italian civilization through jewelry, bronzes, and pottery.
Archaeological Museums
Capitoline Museums
The Capitoline Museums, situated atop Rome's historic Capitoline Hill, hold the distinction of being the world's oldest public museum, first established in 1471 when Pope Sixtus IV donated a remarkable collection of bronze statues to the Roman people. The museums are housed in two magnificent palaces designed by Michelangelo—the Palazzo dei Conservatori and Palazzo Nuovo—which face each other across the elegant Piazza del Campidoglio. This extraordinary cultural institution showcases an impressive collection spanning over 2,500 years of history, including some of Rome's most iconic artworks such as the Capitoline Wolf, the original Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, and the Dying Gaul. The museums' vast collection encompasses ancient Roman and Greek sculptures, medieval and Renaissance art, coins, jewels, and archaeological artefacts, making it an essential destination for visitors keen to explore Rome's rich artistic and cultural heritage.
Capitoline Museums
National Roman Museum - Palazzo Massimo
The National Roman Museum - Palazzo Massimo, situated near Rome's Termini Station, stands as one of the city's most significant museums, housing an extraordinary collection of classical art across four floors. This magnificent neo-Renaissance palace, built between 1883 and 1887, originally served as a Jesuit school before being acquired by the Italian government in 1981. Today, it showcases some of the finest masterpieces of Roman art, including breathtaking sculptures, reliefs, frescoes, and mosaics discovered during excavations in Rome since 1870. The museum's highlights include the famous Boxer at Rest bronze statue, the Dying Niobid marble statue, and the remarkably preserved garden frescoes from Villa Livia, dating from 30-20 BCE. The ground and first floors display an impressive evolution of Roman portraiture and Greek-influenced sculptures, whilst the second floor houses stunning frescoes and mosaics that offer visitors a glimpse into the opulent lifestyle of Roman aristocracy. The basement features an engaging numismatic collection and rare jewellery, making Palazzo Massimo an essential visit for anyone interested in ancient Roman art and culture.
Museo della Civiltà Romana
The Museo della Civiltà Romana (Museum of Roman Civilisation) is a fascinating museum in Rome's EUR district that opened in 1955 and offers an unparalleled overview of ancient Roman civilisation. The museum's collection spans 59 sections across 12,000 square metres, featuring an impressive array of plaster casts, scale models, and reconstructions of Roman monuments from around the empire. Its most renowned exhibits include a massive 1:250 scale model of Imperial Rome from Constantine's era, complete casts of Trajan's Column reliefs, and numerous reconstructions of daily Roman life. However, travellers should note that the museum has been closed for extensive renovation works since 2014, with no announced reopening date as of early 2025. When operational, the museum served as an invaluable resource for understanding Roman history, particularly through its comprehensive collection of replicas and models that help visualise how ancient Rome once appeared.
Historical Palaces - Renaissance and Baroque Treasures
Galleria Borghese
The Galleria Borghese, housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana in Rome, stands as one of the world's most prestigious art museums. Originally established by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Pope Paul V, in the early 17th century, this elegant gallery showcases an extraordinary collection of Renaissance and Baroque masterpieces across twenty rooms on two floors. The museum is particularly renowned for housing the world's finest collection of Bernini sculptures, including the dramatic 'Apollo and Daphne' and 'The Rape of Proserpina'. The gallery's collection also features remarkable paintings by Italian masters such as Caravaggio, Raphael, and Titian, alongside classical antiquities and ancient Roman mosaics. Since 1902, when the Italian state acquired the Borghese estate, this cultural treasure has been open to the public, offering visitors a chance to experience one of Rome's most significant artistic legacies in its original, opulent setting.
The museum's ground floor showcases Bernini's masterpieces:
- "Apollo and Daphne," capturing the exact moment of transformation
- "David," depicting the biblical hero in intense concentration
- "The Rape of Proserpina," showing unprecedented marble craftsmanship
The upper floor houses paintings including:
- Raphael's "The Deposition" and "Lady with a Unicorn"
- Caravaggio's "Madonna of the Palafrenieri"
- Titian's "Sacred and Profane Love"
- Correggio's "Danae"
Galleria Borghese in the Villa Borghese Pinciana
Palazzo Barberini
The magnificent Palazzo Barberini, situated in the heart of Rome near Piazza Barberini, stands as a masterpiece of 17th-century Baroque architecture. Originally commissioned by Pope Urban VIII (formerly Maffeo Barberini) in 1625, this grand palace was designed by three of Italy's most renowned architects: Carlo Maderno, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Francesco Borromini. The palace features an innovative H-shaped design and showcases remarkable architectural elements, including Bernini's square-shafted staircase and Borromini's oval helicoidal staircase. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, displaying over 5,000 artworks from the 13th to 18th centuries, including masterpieces by Caravaggio, Raphael, and Titian. The palace's crowning glory is Pietro da Cortona's magnificent ceiling fresco, the "Triumph of Divine Providence," which adorns the majestic entrance hall. Visitors can explore this splendid museum Tuesday through Sunday, from 10:00 to 19:00, immersing themselves in one of Rome's most significant collections of ancient art whilst admiring the palace's sumptuous Baroque interiors.
The palace itself represents a masterpiece of baroque architecture by Bernini and Borromini. Notable works include:
- Caravaggio's "Judith Beheading Holofernes"
- Raphael's "La Fornarina"
- Hans Holbein's "Henry VIII"
- Filippo Lippi's "Annunciation"
Palazzo Barberini
Galleria Doria Pamphilj
The Doria Pamphilj Gallery, housed in a magnificent 16th-century palace on Rome's Via del Corso, is one of the city's finest private art collections. This opulent Baroque palace showcases over 400 masterpieces dating from the 15th to 18th centuries, displayed exactly as they were arranged in the 1700s. The gallery features works by renowned artists including Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio, and most notably, Velázquez's famous portrait of Pope Innocent X, which has its own dedicated room. Beyond the impressive art collection, visitors can explore lavishly decorated state rooms, including the spectacular Hall of Mirrors, a private chapel, and the original family apartments. The palace remains privately owned by the Doria Pamphilj family and is open to the public Monday through Thursday from 9:00 to 19:00, and Friday through Sunday from 10:00 to 20:00.
The palace contains:
- The Hall of Mirrors with landscape paintings
- Private apartments with period furniture
- Chapel with family relics
- Four wings of galleries containing:
- Flemish tapestries
- Landscape paintings by Brueghel
- Portraits by Velázquez
- Religious works by Caravaggio
Galleria Doria Pamphilj in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj
Palazzo Colonna
The magnificent Palazzo Colonna stands as one of Rome's oldest and largest private palaces, situated near Piazza Venezia in the heart of the city. This remarkable residence, where the noble Colonna family has lived for over eight centuries, began construction in the 14th century and evolved over five centuries, resulting in a fascinating blend of architectural styles. The palace's rich history includes serving as a fortress, hosting Pope Martin V, and sheltering thousands during the 1527 Sack of Rome. Its crowning jewel is the breathtaking Galleria Colonna, a masterpiece of Roman Baroque architecture stretching 76 metres along Via IV Novembre, adorned with priceless artworks by masters such as Pinturicchio, Tintoretto, and Guercino. Today, visitors can explore this architectural marvel every Saturday morning, wandering through its opulent halls, admiring the stunning art collection, and discovering Princess Isabelle's preserved apartments, all whilst experiencing one of Rome's most splendid hidden gems.
This baroque palace features:
- The Great Hall with frescoed ceiling
- Princess Isabel's Apartment
- Ancient Roman artifacts
- Extensive painting collection including works by:
- Annibale Carracci
- Guido Reni
- Salvator Rosa
Interior of the Palazzo Colonna
Galleria Spada
The Galleria Spada, housed in the magnificent 16th-century Palazzo Spada in central Rome, is a hidden gem nestled between Campo de' Fiori and the River Tiber. This intimate museum showcases an exquisite collection of 16th and 17th-century artworks displayed across four rooms in their original 17th-century arrangement, featuring masterpieces by renowned artists such as Titian, Artemisia Gentileschi, and Caravaggio. The palazzo itself is a masterpiece of Mannerist architecture, with its façade adorned with intricate stucco sculptures of Roman heroes and emperors. However, the gallery's most remarkable feature is Francesco Borromini's ingenious forced perspective corridor in the secret garden—an architectural optical illusion that makes an 8-metre-long colonnade appear to be 37 metres long, with a seemingly life-sized statue of Mars at its end that is actually only 60 centimetres tall. The museum is open daily except Tuesdays, from 8:30 to 19:30, offering visitors a peaceful alternative to Rome's more crowded attractions. The gallery is notable for:
- Borromini's forced perspective gallery
- Renaissance and Baroque paintings
- Period furniture and decorations
- Architectural innovations
Galleria Spada, inside the Palazzo Spada
Specialised Collections
Museo Nazionale delle Arti del XXI Secolo (MAXXI)
The museum's sections include:
- MAXXI Art: Contemporary artistic expressions across various media
- MAXXI Architecture: Focusing on urban development and architectural innovation
- Temporary exhibitions exploring current artistic trends
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
Housing Italy's largest collection of 19th and 20th-century art, featuring:
- Italian Divisionist paintings
- International modern art movements
- Contemporary installations
- Extensive sculpture collection
MACRO - Museum of Contemporary Art
Two locations showcase:
- Italian art from the 1960s onward
- International contemporary artists
- Photography and new media installations
- Temporary exhibitions of emerging artists
Other Museums
Museo Napoleonico
Dedicated to Napoleon and his family's connection to Rome, featuring:
- Personal belongings
- Period furniture
- Family portraits
- Historical documents
Keats-Shelley House
Located near the Spanish Steps, this museum preserves:
- Original manuscripts
- First editions
- Personal belongings of Romantic poets
- Death mask of John Keats
Museo di Geologia
Showcasing:
- Mineral collections
- Paleontological findings
- Geological maps
- Scientific instruments
This extensive network of museums makes Rome one of the world's greatest repositories of human artistic and cultural achievement, spanning from ancient times to the contemporary era. Each institution contributes to preserving and presenting different aspects of human creativity, innovation, and historical development.
Local Cuisine
The culinary landscape of Rome is a testament to centuries-old traditions, where simple ingredients are transformed into extraordinary dishes. The city's pasta dishes reign supreme, with the holy trinity of carbonara (made with guanciale, eggs and pecorino), cacio e pepe (featuring pecorino cheese and black pepper), and amatriciana (combining guanciale, tomatoes and pecorino) leading the charge. Beyond pasta, Rome offers hearty meat dishes like the tender saltimbocca (veal wrapped in prosciutto and sage), the rich coda alla vaccinara (oxtail stew), and the crispy Jewish-style artichokes known as carciofi alla giudia. The cuisine relies heavily on fresh, seasonal ingredients from the Roman Campagna, including local artichokes, peas, and fava beans, whilst pecorino romano cheese and guanciale (cured pork jowl) feature prominently in many traditional recipes. Local trattorias and osterias throughout neighbourhoods like Testaccio and Trastevere continue to serve these time-honoured dishes, often following recipes passed down through generations.
Shopping
Rome's historic centre is a shopper's paradise, with distinct areas catering to every taste and budget. The iconic Via del Corso, stretching from Piazza Venezia to Piazza del Popolo, serves as the main shopping artery, hosting a mix of high-street brands like Zara and H&M alongside Italian boutiques. For luxury shopping, the area surrounding the Spanish Steps, particularly Via Condotti, showcases prestigious fashion houses including Gucci, Prada, and Bulgari. The elegant Galleria Alberto Sordi, a historic shopping arcade with beautiful stained-glass ceilings, offers a refined shopping experience with its collection of fashion stores and cafés.
Beyond the main thoroughfares, Rome's charming neighbourhoods offer unique shopping experiences. The bohemian Monti district is perfect for vintage enthusiasts and those seeking independent designers, whilst the Prati neighbourhood's Via Cola di Rienzo presents a sophisticated mix of retail options. For a more local experience, the Campo de' Fiori area features charming boutiques selling handcrafted jewellery and specialty items, whilst the streets around Via del Governo Vecchio are known for their eclectic mix of vintage shops and Roman designers.
Nature in and around Rome
Rome offers a remarkable array of natural attractions both within the city and in its picturesque surroundings. The city's largest green space, Villa Doria Pamphilj, spans 184 hectares and features serene lakes, fountains and historic buildings, whilst the central Villa Borghese provides 80 hectares of manicured gardens and cultural attractions in the heart of Rome.
Just outside the city, the Roman Castles National Park presents an enchanting landscape of volcanic lakes, dense forests and rolling hills, with Lake Albano and Lake Nemi offering opportunities for water activities and lakeside walks. The Veio Regional Park, covering 15,000 hectares of pristine woodland and pastures, showcases rich biodiversity alongside ancient Etruscan ruins. For those seeking dramatic vistas, the Janiculum Hill provides one of Rome's most breathtaking panoramic views, particularly from its splendid terrace overlooking the Eternal City.
Villa Doria Pamphilj
Villa Doria Pamphilj is Rome's largest landscaped public park, spanning an impressive 184 hectares in the Monteverde quarter, just outside the ancient walls of Rome near the Gianicolo hill. This magnificent 17th-century estate, originally built for the noble Pamphilj family during the papacy of Innocent X, features the stunning Casino del Bel Respiro at its heart—a spectacular Baroque villa adorned with ancient sculptures, bas-reliefs and busts. The expansive grounds encompass manicured gardens, secret gardens with geometric layouts, a picturesque elliptical lake, and numerous fountains crafted by renowned artists including Bernini. The park's diverse landscape includes rolling hills shaded by Rome's distinctive umbrella pines, citrus groves, and various streams, making it a beloved retreat for both locals and visitors seeking respite from the city's bustle. From its elevated position, the villa offers breathtaking views of St Peter's Basilica, whilst its grounds provide ample space for jogging, cycling, or simply enjoying a peaceful picnic amidst its lush Mediterranean vegetation.
Gardens of the Villa Doria Pamphilj
Park of Villa Borghese
Villa Borghese, Rome's largest public park spanning 80 hectares, offers a perfect blend of nature and art in the heart of the Eternal City. Originally commissioned in 1605 by Cardinal Scipione Borghese as a summer residence, this verdant oasis now houses several cultural attractions, including the renowned Borghese Gallery with its masterpieces by Caravaggio, Bernini, and Raphael. Visitors can enjoy rowing on the picturesque lake overlooked by the Temple of Aesculapius, visit the Bioparco (Rome Zoo), catch stunning sunset views of Rome from the Pincio Terrace, or simply relax in the lush gardens featuring over 300 species of trees. The park is freely accessible 24 hours a day and offers various activities for all ages, from bicycle rentals to pony rides, making it a perfect retreat from the bustling city streets.
Temple of Esculapio in the park of the Villa Borghese
Orto Botanico
The Orto Botanico di Roma is a magnificent 12-hectare botanical garden nestled in the heart of Rome between Via della Lungara and the Gianicolo Hill. This tranquil oasis, operated by the Sapienza University of Rome, offers visitors a peaceful escape from the city's bustle. The garden, established in 1883 on the grounds of the historic Villa Corsini, houses over 3,000 plant species from around the world. Its diverse collections include one of Europe's richest bamboo groves, a Mediterranean forest, monumental secular trees, and impressive glasshouses containing 400 orchid species. Visitors can explore various themed areas, including a Japanese garden, a Garden of Senses with fragrant plants and Braille labels, and the Serra Corsini greenhouse dating back to 1800 which showcases succulent plants. The garden's location on the Janiculum hillside not only provides beautiful views over Rome but also combines historical elements from ancient Rome with Renaissance and 19th-century features, making it a perfect blend of botanical wonder and historical significance.
Parco degli Acquedotti
Parco degli Acquedotti is a magnificent 240-hectare public park in southeastern Rome, forming part of the larger Appian Way Regional Park. This serene green space is named after the remarkable ancient Roman aqueducts that traverse its landscape, featuring seven different aqueducts including the Anio Vetus, Anio Novus, Aqua Marcia, Tepula, Iulia, Claudia, and the still-functioning Acquedotto Felice from 1585. Beyond its archaeological significance, the park offers visitors a tranquil escape from Rome's urban bustle, with peaceful walking paths winding through streams, waterfalls, trees, and pastures. The park is easily accessible via the Metro A line to Giulio Agricola station and has historically captivated artists, writers, and Grand Tour travellers with its romantic blend of wild nature and ancient Roman engineering. Notable landmarks within the park include the Villa delle Vignacce, the Casale di Roma Vecchia, and the Villa dei Sette Bassi, making it an essential destination for those seeking to experience both Rome's natural beauty and archaeological heritage.
Getting Around
Rome boasts a comprehensive public transport network encompassing buses, trams, metro lines and suburban railways that efficiently connect the entire city. The metro system consists of three lines (A, B and C), operating from 5:30 am until 11:30 pm, with trains arriving every 5-10 minutes. Whilst the metro might be limited in reach, the extensive bus network, featuring over 338 routes and 8,000 stops, serves as the backbone of Rome's public transport, running from early morning until midnight. The city also operates six tram lines, providing a smooth and comfortable journey option, particularly useful for reaching the outskirts. All public transport options are accessible with a single ticket, which remains valid for 100 minutes and allows unlimited transfers between different modes of transport, making it a cost-effective choice for exploring the Eternal City.
Best Time to Visit
The optimal time to visit Rome is during the shoulder seasons of spring (April to May) and autumn (September to October), when the weather is pleasantly mild and the tourist crowds are less overwhelming compared to the peak summer months. Spring brings delightful temperatures ranging from the mid-teens to low 20s Celsius, with blooming flowers adorning the city, though you might encounter occasional rain showers. Autumn, particularly during the traditional Ottobrata Romana in October, offers gentle sunshine and comfortable temperatures perfect for exploring the Eternal City's countless attractions. While spring is lovely, it's worth noting that Easter periods draw significant crowds to religious sites, especially around Vatican City. The summer months of July and August are best avoided, as temperatures can soar to the mid-30s Celsius, making sightseeing rather uncomfortable, whilst winter months from November through March are cooler and damper, though they offer the advantage of fewer tourists and lower accommodation rates.