Author: Maciamo Hay (last update : March 2021)
Dodecad K12b admixtures of Neolithic & Chalcolithic France & Switzerland
18 of the French Neolithic samples below were tested by Brunel et al. (2020). The 64 Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic Swiss samples were tested by Furtwängler et al. (2020). The 12 Bell Beaker (Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic) individuals are from Olalde et al. (2018).
Early Neolithic France (5200-4700 BCE)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MDV248 |
0 |
0 |
0.35 |
0 |
49.65 |
2.74 |
0 |
0 |
12.21 |
0 |
35.05 |
0 |
| Mor6 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
4.07 |
0.00 |
71.48 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
9.22 |
0.00 |
15.23 |
0.00 |
| Sch72-15 |
0 |
0.23 |
1.82 |
0.00 |
53.12 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
15.06 |
0.00 |
29.77 |
0.00 |
| Schw432 |
0 |
0 |
2.24 |
0 |
54.59 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
0 |
28.17 |
0 |
| Early Neolithic France |
0.00 |
0.06 |
2.12 |
0.00 |
57.21 |
0.69 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
12.87 |
0.00 |
27.06 |
0.00 |
Middle Neolithic France & Switzerland (4700-3300 BCE)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BORS-Michelsberg |
0.00 |
0.18 |
4.28 |
0.00 |
64.41 |
11.97 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
5.55 |
0.00 |
13.59 |
0.03 |
| BORS-Michelsberg |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.45 |
0.00 |
64.55 |
7.73 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.44 |
0.00 |
15.82 |
0.00 |
| BORS-Michelsberg |
0 |
0 |
6.09 |
0 |
57.58 |
9.05 |
0 |
0 |
9.68 |
0 |
17.59 |
0 |
| BUCH2 |
0 |
0 |
6.66 |
0 |
64.73 |
4.55 |
0 |
0 |
7.58 |
0.42 |
16.07 |
0 |
| BLP10-Michelsberg |
0 |
0 |
5.73 |
0 |
65.09 |
6.57 |
0 |
0 |
5.84 |
0 |
16.77 |
0 |
PSS4693 |
0 |
0 |
2.98 |
0 |
61.2 |
8.97 |
0 |
0.1 |
7.23 |
0 |
19.36 |
0.17 |
| ROS45 |
0 |
0 |
2.91 |
0.74 |
58.67 |
4.43 |
0.00 |
0.56 |
14.19 |
0.00 |
18.50 |
0.00 |
| ROS78 |
0 |
0 |
4.93 |
0.37 |
55.62 |
7.49 |
0 |
0.38 |
10.11 |
0 |
21.09 |
0 |
| ROS82 |
0 |
0 |
4.67 |
1.82 |
54.08 |
4.77 |
0 |
0 |
11.99 |
0 |
22.67 |
0 |
| ROS102 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.29 |
0.00 |
53.53 |
19.81 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.94 |
0.00 |
14.43 |
0.00 |
| WET370 |
0 |
0.88 |
0.38 |
0 |
65.69 |
9.78 |
0.86 |
0 |
10.71 |
0 |
11.69 |
0 |
| Pir4 |
0 |
0 |
1.96 |
0 |
60.51 |
19.45 |
0 |
0 |
8.17 |
0 |
9.9 |
0 |
| CRE20D |
0 |
0 |
4.24 |
0.00 |
65.88 |
6.18 |
0.00 |
1.21 |
7.63 |
0.00 |
14.70 |
0.17 |
| Es97-1 |
0 |
0 |
4.17 |
0.55 |
69.53 |
12.82 |
0.00 |
0.22 |
1.98 |
0.00 |
10.44 |
0.29 |
| I4303 |
0 |
0 |
4.71 |
0.75 |
71.04 |
9.31 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
0 |
5.73 |
0.46 |
| I4304 |
0 |
0.06 |
3.34 |
0.00 |
69.23 |
11.60 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.32 |
0.26 |
7.40 |
0.79 |
| I4305 |
0 |
0 |
2.7 |
0.08 |
67.83 |
11.4 |
0 |
0.04 |
6.61 |
0.03 |
10.42 |
0.9 |
| SX11 |
0 |
0 |
5.83 |
0.15 |
61.06 |
13.94 |
0 |
0 |
7.02 |
0 |
12.01 |
0 |
| SX33 |
0 |
0 |
4.35 |
0.12 |
55.59 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
12.76 |
0 |
27.18 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Middle Neolithic France |
0.00 |
0.06 |
4.04 |
0.24 |
62.41 |
9.46 |
0.05 |
0.13 |
8.41 |
0.04 |
15.02 |
0.15 |
Late Neolithic Switzerland (3300-2000 BCE)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aesch1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.71 |
0.00 |
66.18 |
7.18 |
0.10 |
0.00 |
8.62 |
0.78 |
13.43 |
0.00 |
| Aesch10 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.83 |
0.00 |
67.95 |
8.35 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10.36 |
0.00 |
10.51 |
0.00 |
| Aesch11 |
0 |
0 |
3.33 |
0 |
66.66 |
8.37 |
0 |
0 |
10.13 |
0 |
11.51 |
0 |
| Aesch12 |
0 |
0 |
6.05 |
0 |
67.21 |
5.74 |
0 |
0 |
8.64 |
0 |
12.36 |
0 |
| Aesch13 |
0 |
0.29 |
1.51 |
0 |
66.45 |
11.72 |
0 |
0 |
8.88 |
0 |
11.15 |
0 |
| Aesch14 |
0 |
0 |
3.95 |
0.05 |
64.63 |
9.07 |
0 |
0 |
8.17 |
0 |
14.13 |
0 |
| Aesch15 |
0 |
0 |
6.31 |
0 |
65.27 |
7.99 |
0 |
0 |
6.11 |
0 |
14.32 |
0 |
| Aesch16 |
0 |
0 |
2.87 |
1.21 |
64.89 |
5.04 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.24 |
2.37 |
16.18 |
0.19 |
| Aesch17 |
0 |
0 |
2.97 |
0 |
65.99 |
9.59 |
0 |
0.25 |
8.32 |
0 |
12.87 |
0 |
| Aesch18 |
0 |
0.63 |
4.59 |
0.22 |
66.83 |
8.09 |
0 |
0 |
6.54 |
0 |
13.1 |
0 |
| Aesch19 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
5.11 |
0.00 |
65.16 |
10.36 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.56 |
0.00 |
12.81 |
0.00 |
| Aesch2 |
0 |
0 |
7.65 |
0 |
66.67 |
7.92 |
0 |
0 |
4.97 |
0.82 |
11.96 |
0 |
| Aesch20 |
0 |
0 |
4.2 |
0 |
70.33 |
10.34 |
0 |
0.01 |
5.89 |
0.96 |
8.27 |
0 |
| Aesch21 |
0 |
0 |
3.33 |
0 |
71.19 |
6.19 |
0 |
0 |
8.6 |
0 |
10.7 |
0 |
| Aesch22 |
0 |
0 |
6.76 |
0 |
62.73 |
11.6 |
0 |
0 |
8.68 |
0 |
10.22 |
0 |
| Aesch23 |
0 |
0 |
5.22 |
0.00 |
65.35 |
9.68 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.5 |
0.00 |
12.14 |
0.12 |
| Aesch24 |
0 |
0 |
3.71 |
0.00 |
69.79 |
7.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.34 |
0.00 |
13.12 |
0.04 |
| Aesch25 |
19.79 |
1.15 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
22.9 |
54.84 |
0.46 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.85 |
| Aesch3 |
0 |
0 |
5.59 |
0.00 |
63.58 |
9.56 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.39 |
0.00 |
12.75 |
0.13 |
| Aesch4 |
0 |
0 |
4.15 |
0.94 |
66.08 |
11.31 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
5.28 |
0.00 |
12.23 |
0.00 |
| Aesch5 |
0 |
0 |
6.71 |
0 |
65.75 |
7.17 |
0 |
0 |
9.84 |
0 |
10.52 |
0.01 |
| Aesch6 |
0 |
0 |
0.41 |
0 |
65.34 |
15.79 |
0 |
0 |
7.99 |
0 |
10.48 |
0 |
| Aesch7 |
0 |
0 |
4.34 |
1.17 |
66.01 |
16.85 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
5.82 |
0.00 |
5.8 |
0.00 |
| Aesch8 |
0 |
0 |
3.16 |
0 |
69.84 |
9.55 |
0 |
0 |
5.63 |
0 |
11.82 |
0 |
| Aesch9 |
0 |
0 |
3.59 |
0.42 |
66.55 |
9.89 |
0 |
0 |
7.08 |
0 |
12.47 |
0 |
| MX150 |
0 |
0 |
5.07 |
0 |
65.3 |
12.1 |
0 |
0 |
8.8 |
0 |
8.73 |
0 |
| MX182 |
0 |
0 |
3.96 |
0.11 |
67.25 |
10.62 |
0 |
0 |
5.85 |
0.95 |
11.28 |
0 |
| MX184 |
0 |
0 |
5.43 |
0 |
67.14 |
11.44 |
0 |
0.17 |
6.62 |
0.5 |
8.7 |
0 |
| MX187 |
0 |
0 |
4.04 |
0 |
63.5 |
10.05 |
0 |
0 |
9.07 |
0.45 |
12.9 |
0 |
| MX203 |
0 |
0 |
1.01 |
0 |
65.69 |
4.67 |
0 |
0 |
9.44 |
0 |
19.19 |
0 |
| MX204 |
0 |
0 |
2.92 |
0 |
64.97 |
8.67 |
0 |
0 |
6.09 |
0 |
17.36 |
0 |
| MX209 |
0 |
0 |
3.46 |
0 |
67.58 |
7.28 |
0 |
0 |
12.41 |
0.28 |
8.98 |
0 |
| MX210 |
0 |
0 |
3.1 |
0 |
70.95 |
13.4 |
0 |
0 |
5.65 |
0 |
6.9 |
0 |
| MX211 |
0 |
0.49 |
3.42 |
0 |
67.72 |
8.67 |
0 |
0 |
6.99 |
0 |
12.71 |
0 |
| MX212 |
0 |
0 |
4.83 |
0.27 |
65.29 |
12.59 |
0 |
0.23 |
7.71 |
0 |
9.08 |
0 |
| MX213 |
0 |
0 |
4.38 |
0.24 |
70.68 |
9.84 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.35 |
0.00 |
7.5 |
0.00 |
| MX219 |
0 |
0 |
8.66 |
0 |
58.62 |
11.03 |
0 |
0 |
5.35 |
0 |
16.34 |
0 |
| SNPRA42 |
0 |
0 |
3.26 |
2.46 |
59.56 |
10.57 |
0 |
0 |
8.49 |
0 |
15.65 |
0 |
| SNPRA43 |
0 |
1.57 |
7.31 |
0 |
63.13 |
9.23 |
0 |
0 |
3.63 |
1.95 |
13.19 |
0 |
|
| SNPRA44 |
0 |
0.35 |
5.22 |
0 |
66.32 |
12.8 |
0 |
0 |
6.23 |
0 |
9.08 |
0 |
| SNPRA45 |
0 |
0 |
4.93 |
0.5 |
69.35 |
4.99 |
0.54 |
0 |
8.32 |
0.43 |
10.94 |
0 |
| SNPRA54 |
0 |
0.4 |
1.52 |
0 |
67.74 |
3.83 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
25.21 |
1.3 |
| SNPRA57 |
0 |
0.3 |
7.09 |
0 |
62.83 |
11.34 |
0 |
0 |
7.56 |
0 |
10.87 |
0 |
| SNPRA58 |
0 |
0 |
4.43 |
0.22 |
66.91 |
11.95 |
0 |
0 |
3.25 |
0 |
13.24 |
0 |
| SNPRA59 |
0 |
0.67 |
6.64 |
0 |
61.52 |
17.53 |
0 |
0 |
5.91 |
0 |
7.74 |
0 |
| SNPRA61 |
0 |
0 |
4.19 |
0.19 |
67.32 |
11.42 |
0 |
0 |
5.27 |
0 |
11.61 |
0 |
| SNPRA62 |
0 |
0 |
4.73 |
0.03 |
61.93 |
14.32 |
0 |
0 |
6.06 |
0 |
12.86 |
0.08 |
| SNPRA63 |
12.1 |
0 |
2.79 |
2.89 |
42.92 |
33.43 |
0 |
0.03 |
0.53 |
0 |
5.32 |
0 |
| SNPRA64 |
12.09 |
0.79 |
0 |
0.25 |
35.92 |
41.73 |
1.58 |
0 |
1.7 |
0 |
5.54 |
0.39 |
| SX10 |
0 |
0 |
0.83 |
1.17 |
71.24 |
9.84 |
0 |
0 |
8.24 |
0.31 |
8.37 |
0 |
| SX17 |
0 |
0 |
5.88 |
0 |
64.01 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
5.82 |
0 |
17.15 |
0 |
| SX18 |
3.4 |
0.37 |
0.78 |
0.46 |
49.34 |
24.63 |
0 |
0 |
1.52 |
0 |
18.83 |
0.68 |
| SX21 |
0 |
0 |
6.76 |
0 |
59.87 |
5.27 |
0 |
0 |
8.58 |
0.24 |
19.29 |
0 |
| SX22 |
0 |
0 |
4.2 |
0 |
63.02 |
8.65 |
0 |
0 |
7.44 |
0 |
16.69 |
0 |
| SX23 |
6.78 |
1.2 |
0 |
0 |
37.31 |
40.93 |
0.79 |
0.26 |
1.99 |
0 |
10.75 |
0 |
| SX26 |
0 |
0 |
3.59 |
0 |
61.52 |
8.21 |
0 |
0 |
8.01 |
0.12 |
18.55 |
0 |
| SX29 |
0 |
0 |
3.22 |
0 |
54.51 |
7.97 |
0 |
0 |
9.1 |
0 |
25.19 |
0 |
| SX30 |
0 |
0 |
4.04 |
0.75 |
57.89 |
3.69 |
0 |
0 |
9.78 |
0.63 |
23.22 |
0 |
| SX8 |
0 |
0 |
3.21 |
0.78 |
67.04 |
9.89 |
0 |
0 |
6.58 |
0 |
12.24 |
0.26 |
| SX9 |
0 |
0 |
2.25 |
0 |
62.87 |
11.69 |
0 |
0 |
11.27 |
0 |
11.93 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Late Neolithic Switzerland |
0.52 |
0.13 |
4.08 |
0.19 |
63.95 |
11.13 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
7.00 |
0.19 |
12.71 |
0.06 |
Bell Beaker France & Switzerland (2500-2100 BCE)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| I1382 |
13.38 |
1.66 |
0.00 |
0.14 |
30.09 |
47.16 |
1.65 |
0.79 |
0.00 |
0.13 |
4.45 |
0.56 |
| I1388 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
2.30 |
0.00 |
59.39 |
21.76 |
0.81 |
0.00 |
7.46 |
0.00 |
8.28 |
0.00 |
| I1389 |
13.64 |
0.48 |
1.34 |
0 |
37.12 |
43.47 |
0.36 |
2.42 |
1.16 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| I1390 |
9.91 |
1.27 |
0 |
0 |
33.4 |
46.97 |
0 |
0.31 |
0 |
0 |
7.34 |
0.8 |
| I1391 |
11.13 |
4.27 |
0 |
0 |
40.65 |
36.26 |
0 |
0 |
3.82 |
0 |
2.44 |
1.42 |
| I1392 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.98 |
0.00 |
60.09 |
13.81 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.55 |
0.95 |
13.28 |
0.34 |
| I3874 |
5.77 |
0.32 |
0.81 |
0.47 |
39.46 |
40.05 |
1.07 |
0.56 |
0.80 |
0.00 |
10.47 |
0.22 |
| I3875 |
8.18 |
0.07 |
0.01 |
1.5 |
40.92 |
42.65 |
0 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
5.94 |
0.69 |
| I5755 |
0 |
0 |
3.63 |
0.57 |
31.17 |
40.03 |
1.48 |
0 |
11.66 |
0 |
11.47 |
0 |
| I5757 |
7.66 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
39.65 |
47.94 |
0 |
2.31 |
2.45 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| I5759 |
11.86 |
0.00 |
2.75 |
0.00 |
36.47 |
25.39 |
3.14 |
0.00 |
7.27 |
0.00 |
12.80 |
0.32 |
| CBV95 |
16.77 |
0.00 |
1.06 |
0.38 |
19.29 |
55.63 |
0.28 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
6.58 |
0.00 |
| SX32 |
13.63 |
0.33 |
0 |
0 |
29.97 |
46.28 |
1.17 |
0.35 |
0 |
0 |
8.27 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bell Beaker Gaul |
8.61 |
0.65 |
1.22 |
0.24 |
38.28 |
39.03 |
0.77 |
0.52 |
3.24 |
0.08 |
7.02 |
0.33 |
Dodecad K12b admixtures of Early to Middle Bronze Age Gauls (2100-1500 BCE)
The first 14 samples below were tested by Brunel et al. (2020). They are all from Alsace, except EUG11 from Aude (Occitanie) and PIR3037AB and PIR3116B from Hérault (Occitanie). The 16 other samples were tested by Furtwängler et al. (2020) and date from the Copper Age to Early Bronze Age. The MX samples are from Singen in Baden-Württemberg, just at the border of Germany and Switzerland. The RA samples are from Zuzach and the SX from Wartau, both in Switzerland. Altough these areas were later part of the Roman province of Raetia, they were at the core of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures and traditionally part of pre-Roman Gaul.
Early Bronze Age Eastern Gaul (Alsace, Switzerland)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BIS130 |
10.57 |
1.57 |
0 |
0.00 |
41.03 |
37.17 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.84 |
0.00 |
8.34 |
0.48 |
| BIS385 |
9.6 |
2.43 |
3.87 |
0.00 |
36.53 |
40.99 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.28 |
1.02 |
5.25 |
0.02 |
| OBE3626-1 |
10.34 |
1.49 |
0 |
0.9 |
39.94 |
46.29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.44 |
0.6 |
0 |
| OBE3722 |
10.54 |
0 |
0 |
0.71 |
30.92 |
47.62 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
10.2 |
0 |
| RIX2 |
0.44 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
43.03 |
34.76 |
1.94 |
1.16 |
1.76 |
0 |
16.86 |
0.05 |
| RIX4 |
8.68 |
0 |
1.5 |
0 |
41.34 |
42.24 |
1.39 |
0.07 |
1.8 |
0 |
2.1 |
0.89 |
| RIX15 |
6.47 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
43.85 |
37.51 |
2.95 |
0.02 |
0 |
0 |
8.86 |
0.33 |
| QUIN58 |
3.84 |
0 |
5.52 |
1.37 |
48.16 |
28.28 |
0.89 |
0 |
8.43 |
0 |
3.52 |
0 |
| MX252 |
9.37 |
0.31 |
2.73 |
0 |
42.07 |
38.75 |
1.44 |
0.09 |
1.05 |
0 |
3.46 |
0.73 |
| MX254 |
4.28 |
1.78 |
1.06 |
0.00 |
39.32 |
37.09 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
3.78 |
0.00 |
12.24 |
0.44 |
| MX256 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2.20 |
45.61 |
32.62 |
2.03 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
4.12 |
13.41 |
0.00 |
| MX257 |
10.32 |
0 |
2.45 |
0.06 |
38.61 |
39.15 |
1.65 |
0.68 |
0.35 |
0.00 |
6.00 |
0.73 |
| MX258 |
11.67 |
0 |
1.70 |
0.00 |
35.85 |
38.84 |
0.00 |
0.24 |
3.71 |
0.32 |
6.89 |
0.79 |
| MX265 |
0.22 |
0.42 |
1.23 |
0.29 |
31.39 |
43.02 |
0.22 |
0.00 |
4.12 |
0.00 |
18.55 |
0.55 |
| MX270 |
10.92 |
1.67 |
0 |
0 |
38.89 |
38.29 |
0 |
1.17 |
2.84 |
0 |
6.22 |
0 |
| MX275 |
10.61 |
1.81 |
2.74 |
0 |
42.12 |
35.62 |
0.55 |
0 |
2.11 |
0 |
4.19 |
0.25 |
| MX277 |
4.57 |
0 |
3.59 |
0.02 |
44.48 |
33.37 |
0.00 |
1.89 |
1.40 |
0.00 |
10.68 |
0.00 |
| MX279 |
7.68 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
38.2 |
41.85 |
3.19 |
0 |
1.8 |
0 |
6.57 |
0.71 |
| MX280 |
7.44 |
1.31 |
0.95 |
0.46 |
38.74 |
42.33 |
0 |
0 |
0.53 |
0 |
7.07 |
1.17 |
| MX283 |
6.02 |
1.2 |
0.39 |
0 |
44.91 |
34.66 |
0 |
0 |
3.1 |
0 |
8.69 |
1.03 |
| MX286 |
8.21 |
0 |
0 |
1.15 |
41.91 |
35.64 |
0.24 |
0 |
1.86 |
0 |
10.22 |
0.77 |
| MX288 |
6.41 |
1.59 |
0 |
0.04 |
42.18 |
39.67 |
0.11 |
0 |
0.62 |
0.11 |
8.5 |
0.76 |
| RA63 |
12.42 |
0 |
1.76 |
2.38 |
42.66 |
33.28 |
0 |
0 |
0.86 |
0 |
6.06 |
0.59 |
| RA64 |
12.16 |
0 |
0 |
0.42 |
36.34 |
42.02 |
1.43 |
0 |
2.09 |
0.29 |
4.53 |
0.7 |
| SX20 |
4.4 |
0 |
2.05 |
0.88 |
45.57 |
33.66 |
0 |
0 |
2.31 |
0 |
10.66 |
0.47 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Early Bronze Age Swabia |
7.79 |
0.63 |
1.26 |
0.44 |
40.93 |
37.99 |
0.74 |
0.22 |
1.73 |
0.26 |
7.55 |
0.45 |
Early Bronze Age Southern France (Languedoc)
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EUG11 |
0.08 |
0 |
0.87 |
0 |
51.24 |
32.08 |
0 |
0.71 |
6.14 |
0 |
8.31 |
0.57 |
| PIR3037AB |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.43 |
54.83 |
22.05 |
0.00 |
2.70 |
1.14 |
0.00 |
17.85 |
0.00 |
| PIR3116B |
3.89 |
1.75 |
0 |
0.11 |
42.92 |
35.18 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
15.66 |
0.5 |
| PSS4170 |
2.05 |
0 |
0 |
0.30 |
49.77 |
35.89 |
0.08 |
0.49 |
2.09 |
0.00 |
8.98 |
0.35 |
| QUIN234 |
0 |
0 |
0.00 |
0 |
55.4 |
28.66 |
0.88 |
0 |
1.93 |
0 |
12.91 |
0.22 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Early Bronze Age Languedoc |
1.20 |
0.35 |
0.17 |
0.37 |
50.83 |
30.77 |
0.19 |
0.78 |
2.26 |
0.00 |
12.74 |
0.33 |
Late Bronze Age Alsace
Only one individual from LBA Gaul has been tested to date.
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NIED |
3.82 |
0 |
5.05 |
0 |
49.34 |
25.58 |
0.14 |
0 |
0 |
1.21 |
14.29 |
0.57 |
Dodecad K12b admixtures of Iron Age Gauls
The 16 Iron Age samples from ancient Gaul below were tested by Brunel et al. (2020). 13 of them are from Belgic tribes (Belgae) from northern Gaul (in this case Picardy and Alsace in France). The samples from the Oise and Aisne départements in Picardy may belong to the Ambiani tribe. Those from Alsace all come from around Strasbourg and Colmar, which was the territory of the Nemetes The last three samples are from Aude and Hérault in Occitanie (southern France), a region occupied by the Volcae tribe during the Iron Age. The samples from Sainte-Croix and Nordhouse in Alsace date from the late Hallstatt period. All the others are from the La Tène culture. All but one of the samples were female, so no Y-chromosomal DNA is available for them. The PECH3 sample from Sigean, Aude, belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b-L21.
What is striking about Gaulish DNA samples is how heterogeneous they are. Each admixture varies widely between individuals, even those from the same area and the same period. Modern Europeans tend to be much more homoegeneous within a same region.
| Sample ID |
Gedrosia |
Siberia |
NW Africa |
SE Asia |
Atlantic Med |
North Europe |
South Asia |
East Africa |
SW Asia |
East Asia |
Caucasus |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ATT26 |
8.03 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
38.27 |
41.78 |
1.62 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.39 |
1.91 |
| BFM265 |
8.47 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
46.94 |
33.73 |
1.07 |
0.00 |
2.92 |
0.00 |
6.55 |
0.31 |
| COL11 |
5.44 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
39.43 |
43.40 |
3.64 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.21 |
0.87 |
| COL153A |
5.24 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
31.38 |
39.94 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
4.37 |
0.00 |
19.07 |
0.00 |
| COL153i |
0.00 |
2.46 |
0.00 |
1.26 |
36.79 |
36.90 |
0.00 |
1.40 |
1.84 |
1.45 |
17.90 |
0.00 |
| ERS1164 |
10.29 |
0.38 |
1.46 |
1.07 |
36.78 |
37.73 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
12.10 |
0.19 |
| ERS86 |
6.75 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
38.28 |
36.57 |
0.00 |
1.16 |
7.72 |
0.00 |
9.51 |
0.00 |
| ERS88 |
2.63 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
39.51 |
27.62 |
0.37 |
0.00 |
6.20 |
0.00 |
23.67 |
0.00 |
| Jeb8 |
3.73 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
43.53 |
37.00 |
3.59 |
0.44 |
2.74 |
0.00 |
8.70 |
0.27 |
| NOR2B6 |
5.40 |
0.59 |
2.84 |
0.19 |
36.97 |
33.37 |
0.00 |
0.59 |
5.34 |
0.00 |
14.71 |
0.00 |
| NOR3-15 |
5.34 |
0.01 |
4.35 |
0.08 |
35.87 |
30.28 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.23 |
0.00 |
16.12 |
0.00 |
| NOR3-6 |
6.77 |
0.00 |
6.29 |
0.46 |
38.53 |
40.47 |
1.07 |
0.00 |
0.25 |
0.00 |
6.16 |
0.00 |
| NOR4 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.90 |
0.00 |
46.92 |
30.78 |
2.37 |
0.00 |
3.11 |
1.08 |
13.84 |
0.00 |
| PECH5 |
0.57 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
1.84 |
56.86 |
29.50 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
7.87 |
2.27 |
1.09 |
0.00 |
| BES1248 |
7.47 |
0.41 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
38.78 |
48.44 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.87 |
3.90 |
0.13 |
| PEY53 |
11.04 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
44.30 |
35.83 |
0.20 |
0.00 |
3.09 |
1.68 |
2.59 |
1.28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Iron Age Gauls |
5.45 |
0.24 |
1.05 |
0.31 |
40.57 |
36.46 |
0.87 |
0.22 |
3.29 |
0.46 |
10.72 |
0.31 |
Additional information about the samples
| Sample ID |
Location |
Date (BCE) |
Tribe |
Culture |
Eye colour |
Hair colour |
| ATT26 |
Attichy-Bitry, Oise, Picardie |
350-200 |
Ambiani |
La Tène |
|
|
| BFM265 |
Bucy-le-Long, Aisne, Picardie |
250-190 |
Ambiani |
La Tène |
brown? |
dark |
| COL11 |
Colmar, Alsace |
360-320 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
blue? |
dark |
| COL153A |
Colmar, Alsace |
360-320 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
blue |
dark? |
| COL153i |
Colmar, Alsace |
360-320 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
brown? |
fair? |
| ERS1164 |
Erstein, Alsace |
400-100 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
blue? |
|
| ERS86 |
Erstein, Alsace |
400-100 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
blue |
|
| ERS88 |
Erstein, Alsace |
400-100 |
Nemetes |
La Tène |
blue? |
light brown? |
| Jeb8 |
Sainte-Croix, Alsace |
600-400 |
? |
Hallstatt |
brown? |
dark? |
| NOR2B6 |
Nordhouse, Alsace |
800-700 |
? |
Hallstatt |
blue? |
dark |
| NOR3-15 |
Nordhouse, Alsace |
800-700 |
? |
Hallstatt |
brown? |
dark? |
| NOR3-6 |
Nordhouse, Alsace |
620-500 |
? |
Hallstatt |
blue |
dark |
| NOR4 |
Nordhouse, Alsace |
620-480 |
? |
Hallstatt |
blue? |
dark |
| PECH5 |
Sigean, Aude, Occitanie |
600-300 |
Tectosages (Volcae) |
? |
| BES1248 |
Bessan, Hérault, Occitanie |
200-50 |
Volcae |
La Tène |
blue |
dark |
| PEY53 |
Agde, Hérault, Occitanie |
200-150 |
Volcae |
La Tène |
|
fair? |
Comparison with modern populations
Using the Bronze Age and Iron Age Gaul modal admixtures above and comparing it with the Dodecad K12b averages for modern populations on Vahaduo, the most similar modern populations are North(east) French and Belgians. This isn't surprising considering that 13/16 of the Gaulish samples are Belgae.
Bronze Age Gauls
- North French : 4.5
- Northeast French : 5.2
- Belgians : 5.2
- Northwest French : 7.6
- South English : 8.4
- Bavarian Germans : 9.3
- North English : 9.6
Iron Age Gauls
- Northeast French : 3.3
- North French : 3.4
- Belgians : 3.9
- Bavarian Germans : 7.1
- Northwest French : 8.3
- South English : 8.9
- Italians from Aosta Valley : 9.1
Another way to go, instead of comparing ancient averages with modern averages, is to look at the closest individual matches between modern people and ancient Gauls. This analysis was done using MyTrueAncestry.com to compare the genomes of the ancient Belgae with those of modern Europeans. The closest matches in term of genetic distance were the Belgians and Welsh, followed by the South French and Swiss. Here is the full list of modern Europeans having a genetic distance smaller than 10 to the ancient Gauls.
- Belgians : 5.9
- Welsh : 6.0
- South French : 6.8
- Swiss : 7.3
- North Dutch : 7.6
- North Germans : 7.8
- English : 8.2
- Danes : 8.2
- Galicians : 8.5
- Irish : 8.6
- Scottish : 8.7
- South Dutch : 8.7
- Catalans : 9.0
- Portuguese : 9.6
Follow-up
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