Hungary Travel & Culture Guide

Introduction to Hungary

Hungary, a landlocked country in Central Europe, is situated in the heart of the Carpathian Basin. Bordered by seven countries, it boasts a rich history dating back to the 9th century when the Magyars, an alliance of semi-nomadic tribes, settled in the region. Today, Hungary is home to nearly 10 million people, with Budapest serving as its capital and largest city.

The country's landscape is characterised by the Great Hungarian Plain in the east and the Transdanubian Mountains in the west. The Danube and Tisza rivers play crucial roles in Hungary's geography, dividing the country into three distinct regions. Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe, is a major tourist attraction and a popular summer destination.

Hungary's history has been marked by significant events, including periods under Ottoman and Habsburg rule, followed by Communist governance in the 20th century. Since 1989, Hungary has been a parliamentary democracy and joined the European Union in 2004. The country's cultural heritage is evident in its architecture, cuisine, and traditions, with influences from various civilisations that have shaped its identity over the centuries.

For visitors, Hungary offers a diverse range of attractions. Budapest, often referred to as the "Pearl of the Danube", is renowned for its stunning architecture, thermal baths, and vibrant nightlife. Beyond the capital, travellers can explore historic towns like Eger and Szentendre, visit the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hollókő, or relax at Lake Balaton. The country is also famous for its wine regions, particularly Tokaj, and its unique cuisine featuring dishes like goulash and lángos.

History of Hungary
Explore Hungary's rich history from the Magyar conquest in 896 to EU membership. Discover key events including Ottoman rule, Habsburg era, revolutions, and the transition to democracy.

Hungarian Cuisine
Discover authentic Hungarian cuisine with our comprehensive guide to traditional dishes, from hearty goulash and fish soup to sweet Dobos cake and fruit soups. A culinary journey through Hungary.

Attractions

Western Hungary

Eszterháza

Eszterháza, also known as Esterházy Palace, is a magnificent Baroque edifice located in Fertőd, Hungary. Often referred to as the 'Hungarian Versailles', it is the country's grandest Rococo structure and the third largest Baroque palace in Europe. The palace complex, surrounded by a 200-hectare park, boasts 126 rooms, including a stunning banquet hall adorned with Apollo's fresco. Constructed in the 18th century by Prince Nikolaus Esterházy, it was home to the renowned composer Joseph Haydn from 1766 to 1790. The estate features beautiful gardens, including the Margit Cziráky Rose Garden, and a restored Marionette Theatre. Visitors can explore the opulent interiors, stroll through the meticulously manicured gardens, and attend classical music concerts, making Eszterháza a significant cultural and historical attraction in Hungary.

Bory Castle

Bory Castle, located in Székesfehérvár, Hungary, is a unique architectural marvel built by sculptor and architect Jenő Bory over four decades, starting in 1923. Standing 30 metres tall, the castle features seven towers, thirty rooms including three studios, and hundreds of statues and artworks. Bory constructed the castle as a symbol of his love for his wife and as a testament to his artistic vision, without formal plans. The structure incorporates various architectural styles, from Scottish to Romanesque and Gothic, and includes notable features such as the Court of the Hundred Columns and the Chapel. Visitors can explore the castle's intricate details, climb its towers, and wander through the sculpture-filled gardens. The castle also hosts cultural events and exhibitions, making it a popular destination for tourists and art enthusiasts alike.

Pannonhalma Archabbey ※

Pannonhalma Archabbey, located atop a hill in western Hungary, is a remarkable Benedictine monastery with over a thousand years of history. Founded in 996, it played a crucial role in spreading Christianity in medieval Central Europe. The abbey complex, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996, includes a 13th-century Basilica with Gothic and Romanesque elements, a cloister, and a monumental library housing over 360,000 volumes. The monastery's architecture showcases various styles, including Baroque and Neoclassical, reflecting its evolution over the centuries. Today, about 50 monks continue to live and work at Pannonhalma, following the Rule of St. Benedict. Visitors can explore the abbey's rich cultural heritage, including its botanical garden, winery, and the oldest written words in the Hungarian language preserved in its archives. The site offers guided tours, allowing guests to immerse themselves in the spiritual and historical significance of this enduring monument to Hungarian culture.

Festetics Palace

Festetics Palace, located in Keszthely near Lake Balaton, is one of Hungary's largest and most visited historical buildings. This magnificent Baroque-style castle, constructed over 200 years beginning in 1745, boasts 101 rooms, with 18 chambers open to the public. The palace complex includes a 42-hectare park, a palm house, and several museums. Its most notable feature is the Helikon Library, housing over 80,000 books and representing one of Europe's last remaining aristocratic collections. The palace offers six permanent exhibitions across five buildings, showcasing period furniture, a coach museum, and a hunting exhibition. With its grand architecture, rich history, and cultural significance, Festetics Palace attracts approximately 200,000 visitors annually, making it a must-see destination for travellers exploring Hungary.

Balaton Uplands National Park

Balaton Uplands National Park, established in 1997, is a diverse protected area covering 56,997 hectares in western Hungary. Located on the northern shore of Lake Balaton, the park encompasses six distinct landscape protection areas: Kis-Balaton, Keszthely Hills, Tapolca Basin, Káli Basin, Pécsely Basin, and Tihany Peninsula. The park boasts a rich tapestry of natural and cultural heritage, featuring rolling hills, vineyards, ancient volcanic formations, and picturesque villages. Visitors can explore numerous hiking and biking trails, observe diverse flora and fauna, and experience the region's unique geological features. The Tihany Peninsula, awarded the European Diploma in 2003 for its outstanding natural values, is a particularly popular attraction within the park. In addition to its ecological importance, Balaton Uplands National Park offers opportunities for outdoor activities, wildlife watching, and cultural exploration, making it a significant destination for nature enthusiasts and tourists alike.

Nádasdy Mansion

Nádasdy Mansion, located in Nádasdladány, Hungary, is one of the country's most beautiful historicising, neo-Gothic, Tudor-style mansions. Built between 1873 and 1876 for Count Ferenc Nádasdy, the mansion is surrounded by a 24-hectare English landscape garden featuring rare plants and a pond. The building boasts impressive interiors, including the wood-panelled Hall of Ancestors, a library, and a chapel, all designed by renowned architect Alajos Hauszmann. The mansion was equipped with modern amenities for its time, such as air heating, gas lighting, and an underground food transportation system. Today, the renovated mansion and its grounds serve as a venue for various events, including weddings, conferences, and cultural gatherings. Visitors can explore the mansion's history through interactive exhibitions, enjoy refreshments at the Nádasdy Café, and purchase souvenirs at the gift shop.

Pécs (※)

Pécs, the fifth largest city in Hungary, is a cultural gem nestled in the southwest of the country near the Croatian border. With a history dating back to Roman times, Pécs boasts a rich heritage that includes UNESCO World Heritage sites such as the Early Christian Necropolis. The city's diverse architectural landscape features Roman ruins, Ottoman-era buildings like the iconic Mosque of Pasha Qasim, and the impressive Romanesque Pécs Cathedral. As a former European Capital of Culture, Pécs offers a vibrant arts scene, particularly evident in the Zsolnay Cultural Quarter, which showcases the city's famous porcelain. The presence of several universities, including the country's first founded in 1367, contributes to a lively atmosphere. Visitors can explore numerous museums, enjoy panoramic views from the TV Tower, and experience the natural beauty of the nearby Mecsek Mountains. With its mild climate and blend of historical and contemporary attractions, Pécs is a compelling destination for travellers seeking to experience Hungary's cultural depth beyond Budapest.

Esztergom

Esztergom, one of Hungary's oldest cities, is situated on the banks of the Danube River, approximately 50 kilometres northwest of Budapest. This historic gem served as the first capital of Hungary and remains a significant centre of Roman Catholicism in the country. The city's crowning glory is the Esztergom Basilica, Hungary's largest church, which offers panoramic views from its 100-metre-high dome. Other notable attractions include the Castle Museum, housed within the ruins of the 10th-century Esztergom Castle, and the Christian Museum, boasting an extensive collection of ecclesiastical art. The picturesque Víziváros (Watertown) district features charming cobbled streets and remnants of Ottoman architecture. Visitors can also cross the Maria Valeria Bridge into Slovakia, symbolising the region's interconnected history. With its blend of architectural marvels, religious significance, and scenic beauty, Esztergom provides a captivating glimpse into Hungary's rich cultural heritage.

Győr

Győr, the sixth-largest city in Hungary, is a picturesque destination located in the northwest of the country, halfway between Budapest and Vienna. Known as the 'City of Rivers' due to its position at the confluence of the Mosoni-Danube, Rába, and Rábca rivers, Győr boasts a rich history dating back to ancient times. The city centre is characterised by its well-preserved Baroque architecture, earning it the nickname 'the Baroque City'. With a population of around 129,000, Győr serves as the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and is an important administrative and cultural hub. Visitors can explore numerous attractions on foot, including the Town Hall, Széchenyi Square, the Benedictine church, and the Bishop's Castle. The city also offers a variety of museums, thermal baths, and pleasant riverside areas. Győr's strategic location within the 'Golden Triangle' of Budapest, Vienna, and Bratislava makes it an excellent base for exploring the region.

Szombathely

Szombathely, often referred to as Hungary's oldest city, is located in the western part of the country and serves as the administrative centre of Vas County. Founded by the Romans in the 1st century, it was known as Savaria and served as a provincial capital. Today, Szombathely offers a blend of historical and cultural attractions, including the ruins of the Roman city, the Iseum Savariense, and the stunning Our Lady of the Visitation Cathedral. Visitors can also explore the charming city centre with its picturesque squares, visit the Szombathely Synagogue, and enjoy the tranquil beauty of the Kámoni Arboretum. The city hosts various cultural events, such as the Savaria Historical Festival, which celebrates its Roman heritage. With its rich history, scenic surroundings, and vibrant cultural scene, Szombathely is a compelling destination for those interested in history and culture.

Sárvár Castle

Nádasdy Castle in Sárvár, Hungary, is a historical site that offers a glimpse into the region's rich past. The castle's origins date back to the 13th century, with significant developments during the 16th and 17th centuries under the Nádasdy family. It features a mix of Renaissance and Baroque architectural styles, including a Knights' Hall with notable frescoes depicting battles against the Ottoman Empire. The castle houses the Ferenc Nádasdy Museum, which includes exhibitions on industrial arts, the history of Hungarian hussars, and cartography. Visitors can explore the castle's picturesque gardens and courtyards, making it a worthwhile destination for those interested in history and architecture.

Veszprém

Veszprém, located in western Hungary, is a historic city known as the 'City of Queens'. Situated approximately 15 km north of Lake Balaton, it is built on five hills and boasts a rich cultural heritage. The city's skyline is dominated by its iconic castle, which dates back to the 9th century. Veszprém is home to numerous architectural landmarks, including the Cathedral of St. Michael, the Gizella Chapel with 13th-century frescoes, and the Baroque bishop's palace. As one of Hungary's oldest cities, Veszprém became the country's first episcopal seat in 1009. The city offers a blend of medieval charm and modern amenities, with a thriving cultural scene that includes museums, galleries, and music festivals. Veszprém's picturesque setting, surrounded by the Bakony Mountains and near Lake Balaton, makes it an attractive destination for both history enthusiasts and nature lovers.

Central Hungary

Budapest ※

Budapest, the capital of Hungary, is a captivating city straddling the Danube River. Formed by the merger of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest in 1873, it boasts a rich history and stunning architecture. The city is renowned for its thermal baths, with over 100 springs supplying numerous bathhouses and spas. Budapest's iconic landmarks include the Neo-Gothic Parliament Building, Buda Castle, and the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. The city is divided into Buda, known for its hills and historical sites, and Pest, famous for its vibrant urban life. Budapest offers a blend of experiences, from exploring UNESCO World Heritage sites like the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue to enjoying the lively ruin bars in the Jewish Quarter. With its beautiful setting, cultural attractions, and reputation as the 'Paris of the East', Budapest is a must-visit destination for travellers to Eastern Europe.

Around Budapest

Royal Palace of Gödöllő

The Royal Palace of Gödöllő, located 35 km east of Budapest, is Hungary's largest Baroque manor house and a significant architectural treasure. Built in the 1760s for Count Antal Grassalkovich, it later became a favoured summer retreat for Emperor Franz Joseph and his beloved consort, Queen Elisabeth (Sissi). The palace boasts 32 restored rooms, including the impressive Ornamental Hall, Queen's Reception Room, and a Baroque theatre. After falling into disrepair during the communist era, extensive renovations began in the 1980s, leading to its reopening to the public in 1996. Today, visitors can explore the lavishly decorated interiors, which showcase the palace's royal history, and enjoy the splendid gardens surrounding the estate. The palace is easily accessible from Budapest by bus or train, making it a popular day trip destination for tourists interested in Hungarian history and Baroque architecture.

Szentendre

Szentendre is a picturesque town located along the Danube River, just 15 km north of Budapest, Hungary. Known as the 'Artist's Village', it boasts a rich history dating back to Roman times and is renowned for its well-preserved Baroque architecture, cobblestone streets and colourful houses. The town's cultural significance is evident in its numerous museums, art galleries and the Serbian Orthodox Church, reflecting its multicultural past. Szentendre's main square, Fő tér, serves as the heart of the town, surrounded by charming cafes and artisan shops. Visitors can explore the Open-Air Ethnographic Museum (Skanzen) to learn about traditional Hungarian rural life, or indulge in local culinary delights. With its proximity to Budapest and accessible by boat or train, Szentendre offers a perfect day trip destination for those seeking a blend of art, history and scenic beauty.

Eger

Eger, a charming city in northern Hungary, is renowned for its rich history, stunning architecture and world-famous wines. Located 130 kilometres from Budapest, this picturesque town is home to the iconic Eger Castle, a 13th-century fortress that played a crucial role in the 1552 siege against Ottoman forces. The city boasts an array of architectural marvels, including the northernmost Ottoman minaret in Europe, the magnificent Eger Basilica and numerous Baroque buildings. Eger is also celebrated for its wine culture, particularly the robust 'Bull's Blood' (Egri Bikavér) red wine, which can be sampled in the Valley of the Beautiful Women. With its thermal baths, museums and vibrant cultural scene, Eger offers visitors a perfect blend of historical exploration and modern leisure activities. The best time to visit is during late spring or early autumn when the weather is mild and ideal for sightseeing and participating in local festivals.

Hollókő Village ※

Hollókő, a picturesque village in northern Hungary's Nógrád County, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that offers visitors a glimpse into rural Hungarian life before the 20th-century agricultural revolution. Located about 90 minutes northeast of Budapest, this charming Palóc settlement is renowned for its well-preserved traditional architecture, featuring 67 protected buildings with characteristic whitewashed walls, wooden porches, and thatched roofs. The village is divided into two parts: the Old Village, which showcases buildings over a century old, and the New Village, where most residents currently live. Visitors can explore the 13th-century Hollókő Castle ruins, visit various museums including the Village Museum and Doll Museum, and experience local Palóc customs, crafts, and cuisine. The village is particularly lively during its Easter Festival, which showcases traditional crafts and culinary delights. Hollókő's unique blend of living traditions, preserved architecture, and stunning natural surroundings make it an exceptional destination for those interested in Hungarian history and culture.

Visegrád Castle

Visegrád Castle, situated on a hill overlooking the Danube River in Hungary, is a remarkable historical site comprising two main parts: the Upper Castle (Citadel) and the Lower Castle. Built in the 13th century by King Béla IV, the castle complex served as a royal residence for Hungarian monarchs, most notably during the reign of the Angevin kings. The Upper Castle, with its triangular layout and three towers, offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. The Lower Castle features the hexagonal Solomon Tower, which now houses exhibitions from the King Matthias Museum. Visegrád Castle played a significant role in Hungarian history, hosting the famous Royal Summit of Kings in 1335 and safeguarding the Hungarian crown jewels. Despite suffering damage during Ottoman occupation, the castle has been partially restored and is now open to the public, allowing visitors to explore its Gothic and Renaissance architecture whilst learning about Hungary's rich cultural heritage.

Eastern Hungary

Hortobágy National Park ※

Hortobágy National Park, established in 1973, is Hungary's largest protected area and a UNESCO World Heritage site. Located in eastern Hungary, this vast 800 km² expanse is Europe's largest semi-natural grassland, showcasing the iconic Puszta landscape. The park is renowned for its rich biodiversity, hosting 342 bird species and traditional Hungarian livestock such as Grey Cattle, Racka sheep, and Nonius horses. Visitors can explore the park's diverse ecosystems, including alkaline steppes, wetlands, and fish ponds, while experiencing the region's pastoral culture that dates back over two millennia. Key attractions include the Nine-Holed Bridge, traditional sweep wells, and the opportunity to observe rare wildlife like the Great Bustard. The park offers various activities such as guided tours, horseback riding, and birdwatching, making it an ideal destination for nature enthusiasts and those interested in Hungary's cultural heritage.

Aggtelek National Park ※

Aggtelek National Park, established in 1985 in northern Hungary, is renowned for its extensive cave system and karst landscape. The park, which covers an area of 198.92 square kilometres, is home to 280 caves, including the Baradla Cave, Europe's longest stalactite cave at 26 kilometres. This UNESCO World Heritage site offers visitors a unique underground experience with guided tours through its intricate passageways, vast chambers, and underground lakes. Above ground, the park boasts diverse flora and fauna, including protected species such as grey wolves, Eurasian lynx, and eastern imperial eagles. Visitors can enjoy hiking and cycling trails through lush forests and meadows, explore traditional Hungarian villages, and participate in various cultural events. The park also features therapeutic caves, such as the Peace Cave, known for its healing air that helps treat asthma. With its rich natural and cultural heritage, Aggtelek National Park provides a compelling destination for nature enthusiasts, adventure seekers, and those interested in geology and conservation.

Bükk National Park

Bükk National Park, established in 1977, is Hungary's largest national park, covering an area of 431.3 square kilometres in the northern part of the country. Located between Szilvásvárad and Lillafüred, this mountainous and heavily forested region is renowned for its striking limestone formations, diverse wildlife, and extensive network of hiking trails. The park boasts impressive geological features, including numerous caves, ravines, and swallow-holes, with Istvánlápa being the country's longest and deepest cave at 4,000 metres in length and 245 metres in depth. Bükk is home to ninety species of nesting birds, some of which are endangered, making it an excellent destination for birdwatching enthusiasts. Visitors can enjoy a range of outdoor activities such as hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking, as well as explore cultural sites like the charming village of Szilvásvárad and the medieval Diósgyőr Castle. The park's rich biodiversity, scenic landscapes, and historical significance make it a popular destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers alike.

Miskolc

Miskolc, Hungary's fourth-largest city, is nestled in the Szinva Valley near the Bükk Mountains in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of approximately 157,000, it serves as the regional centre of Northern Hungary and the seat of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County. Once a hub of heavy industry, Miskolc has transformed into a cultural and tourist destination, offering a blend of historical landmarks and natural attractions. Visitors can explore the city's rich heritage through sites such as the 13th-century St. Stephen's Gothic church and the ruins of Diósgyőr Castle. The area is renowned for its thermal springs, particularly the unique Cave Bath in the Miskolctapolca district. Nature enthusiasts can enjoy the surrounding Bükk Mountains, which provide opportunities for hiking and skiing. Miskolc is well-connected to other parts of Hungary by road and rail, making it an accessible destination for travellers.

Debrecen

Debrecen is Hungary's second-largest city, situated in the eastern part of the country near the Romanian border. It has a rich history, having served as the capital of Hungary twice: during the 1848-1849 Revolution and briefly in 1944-1945. Known as the "Calvinist Rome," Debrecen is a significant cultural and religious centre, home to the Reformed Great Church, the largest Protestant church in Hungary. The city boasts a long-standing market tradition, dating back to the 14th century, and is famous for its thermal baths and spa culture. Visitors can explore landmarks such as the Déri Museum, the University of Debrecen, and the nearby Hortobágy National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Debrecen offers a blend of historical, cultural, and natural attractions, making it a worthwhile destination for travellers.