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Vlach haplogroups & deep ancestry?

Another word inherited from Latin is catun,Albanian katund,meaning highland dispersed village,opposed to a
compact Romanian sat,Aromanian fsat,Albanian fshat,from Latin fossatum,located on the lowlands/flatlands.


http://www.academia.edu/23527880/AN...QUE_DANS_LA_PÉNINSULE_BALKANIQUE_AU_MOYEN-ÂGE

Aromanian has preserved an additional term,equivalent with catun,falcare,from Latin falcaria(or is it from
falcare,which in Italian means "curved"?these two words come from falx,a sickle,having the semantics centred
in the Italian meaning-curved,having the shape of a sickle-because it represents a well-known Romance development,
for example, Albanian felqine,Romanian/Balkanic Romance falca*,a jaw,this kind of shift also apprears in Sardinian);


Similarly,French canton and Italian cantone originates in the Latin canto(corner),their Romance constructions
must have been derived from cantonum,who is also the root of the Romanian and Albanian terms.
Cantonum has suffered typical Romanian phonetical shifts to turn to catun.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=canton

Latin o,Romanian u
Latin bonus,Romanian bun



Dissimilation with the loss of sound


Latin fratre,Romanian frate
Latin cantonum,Romanian catun



*These semantic changes, from a domain to another**, were typically Latin/Romance developments,
not to mention that the Romanian-Albanian shift is not isolated,as it was previously suggested,
another example being Romanian spate(back),from Latin spatha(sword),who actually has a Romance
correspondent,Latin spatula,French epaule(Marius Sala's list).
The Albanian-Romanian/Balkanic Romance shifts don't represent the influence of the "substratum",
but the independent developments in the spirit of Latin/Romance that took place in the so-called
Eastern Latin.

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/falcă

**ceata(fog), (< lat. caecia(blindness),only in Romanian(it sounds pretty lyrical,thus,literary);
the alternative is negura,Albanian njegull,from Latin nebula.


dezmierda (< lat. *dismerdare,only in Romanian(and Balkan Latin)



" This is also indicated by the changes of meaning of a number of Latin words, many of which are shared by
Romanian and Albanian. There are, for example, N. Rom. padure, Alb. püli "forest," from Lat. palus
(genitive paludis), Vulgar Lat. padule "marsh"; N. Rom. ses, Alb. shesh "lowland," from Lat. sessum (sedere "to sit").
Other examples of changes of meaning shared by Romanian and Albanian are words of everyday use, such as N. Rom. cuvînt "word,
" cuvînta "to say, to utter, to speak," Alb. kuvendoj "I discuss," from Lat. conventus "district court, session, agreement";
N. Rom. cui "nail," Alb. kuj, with the same sense, from Lat. cuneus "wedge."(Elemer Illyes)






"The two languages are also alike in their use of substantive
constructions rather than the infinitive. It is particularly important that
the meaning of some words of Latin origin underwent the same type
of change in Rumanian as in Albanian:
Lat. conventus "gathering, meeting"; Dr. cuvînt, Alb. kuvënd
"speech"; -
Lat. draco "dragon"; Dr. drac, Alb. dreq "devil"; -
Lat. falx "sickle"; Dr. falcã, Alb. fëlqinë‚ "jaw" –
Lat. horreo ´I shudder (with horror)´; Dr. urãsc, Alb. urrej "I
hate"; -
Lat. mergo "I sink"; Dr. merg "I go", Alb. mërgonj " I remove";
Lat palus, paludem. (palude) "swamp"; Dr. pãdure, Alb. pyll
forest
Lat. sella "chair"; Dr. ºale "waist"; Alb, shalë‚ "thigh, leg". –
190
Lat. sessus "session"; Dr. ºes, Alb. shesh "plains"
Lat. veteranus "veteran"; Dr. bãtrîn, Alb. vjetër "old"."(Origins of the Rumanians,Hungarian paper)




P.S.


I won't blame Angela for suggesting that we are some sort of Italianized Illyrian pirates,
who used to let their sheeps on the Albanian riviera,it was her own way to bring us closer.

EDIT:

I have nothing against Albanians or Illyrians,but it is hard to believe that their semi-Romanization
took place on a ship.
 
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Similarities between Romanian and Calabrian


R. insura,C. nzurar,to marry(a woman).Latin inuxorare,uxor=wife
R. amar,amarat,C. amaru,poveretto, the initial
sense is bitter, from Latin amarus
R. acatarii,with qualities,fine,C. accattari,to buy,buying
R. arama,C. arama,Italian rame,copper,brass
R aseara, C arzira,Italian ieri sera,yesterday evening
R aseza,sede,C assettari,Italian sedere,to sit
R unde,C aundi,Italian dove,where
Latin l>>>>Romanian,Calabrian r
Latin o>>>>Romanian,Calabrian u
C barcunu,Italian balcone
R caragata( read caragazza),C carcarazza,Italian gazza,magpie
R cas,C casu,Italian formaggio,cheese
R cireasa,C cerasa,Italian ciliegia,cherry
Latin j, preserved in Calabrese and Wallachian
C jocari,Wallachian juca(joc=play),Italian giocare,Moldavian giuca(gioc=play),to play
C jovi,Wallachian joi,Italian giovedi,Thursday
In the northern Romanian dialects(Transylvanian and Moldavian) j is replaced by other Latin sounds ,dz(written z in Italian) and g.


R curea,C curia,I cintura,belt
R marita,C maritari,Italian sposare, to marry
R nana,C nanna,Italian nonna
Latin b>>>>Calabrian,Moldavian,Aromanian g
Romanian bine,Aromanian,Moldavian ghini,good
Latin nebula,Italian nebbia,Calabrian nigghia,Albanian njegulle,Romanian negura
R nepotei,C niputeji, Italian nepotini,nephews,diminutive form
R nora,C nora,Italian nuora,daughter in law
R orb,C orbu,Italian cecco,blind
R ou,C ovu, Italian uovo,egg
Transylvanian pacurar,C pecuraru,Aromanian picurar,pecurar,Italian pastore,shepherd
Calabrese pedi,Italin piedi,feet
Latin pedica,North Romanian pedica,Moldavian chedica,Calabrian pedicinu,Wallachian piedica,Italian piedica,shackle,fetter
R piersica,C persicu,perzica,Italian pesca,peach
R soarece, C surice,Italian topo,mouse
R turn,turnu(tower),C turnu,Italian turno(turn,shift,sentry or guard duty)
The use of the term <man> to denote the husband
R om, C uominu,italian marito,husband
Wallachian scufunda,Calabrian skuffundare,Transylvanian and Moldavian cufunda,to dive.


R tamp,tampit,C ntumpa,Italian stupida
R foc,Old Romanian focu,C focu,italian fuoco,fire
R musca,C musca,Italian mosca,fly
R luni,C luni,I lunedi,Monday
R marti C marti,I martedi,Tuesday
Wallachian miercuri,North Romanian mercuri,C mercuri,I mercoledi,Wednesday
R vineri, C venneri,I venerdi,Friday
R duminica,C dominica,I domenica,Sunday
R muiere, C mugliera,muggjeri, I moglie
R rusine,C russure, I vergogna,shame
R soacra, C socra,I suocera, mother in law
R ulm,ulmu,C ulmu,I olmo,elm
R unu,C unu,Italian uno,one
???R zimbru(wisent), C zzimbaru(montone,shepherd.s deputy) ,zimbaru,maschio della capra
The Romanian word seems to be formed from a Proto-Romanian Calabrian-like term, under the influence of the Slavic zonbru.
Other phonetical traits
Latin e >>>>>>Calabrian,Moldavian,Aromanian i
Latin f >>>>>>Calabrian,Moldavian,Aromanian,Spanish,Portuguese h
Latin p>>>>>> Calabrian,Moldavian,Aromanian c
Conclusions
The closest Italian dialects are the Southern ones,Pugliese and Calabrese,because they were in contact with the Romanian language through the route which connected Southern Italy ,through Naissus and Lissus,with the Danube.It is a strong evidence for the autonomy of the Romanian language,the links with the dialects from northern Italy can be explained by the ecclesiastical influence of Aquileia over the Prefectura Illyricum.*my conclusions


http://pulcinella291.forumfree.it/?t=53540796http://pulcinella291.forumfree.it/?t=53540796The most direct route between the southern Adriatic and the central Balkans is thatfrom Lissus at the mouth of the Albanian Drin to Naissus in the Morava valley (RV.1-11).More than once it has been suggested that some of the early Roman expeditions into theBalkans may have followed this line, following the Drin valley to reach Kosovo and thelater mining district around Ulpianum and then the Toplica valley to Naissus. (Roman Danube Survey)


The Roman itinerary road Lissus–Naissus–Ratiaria was, as is well-known, atransversal communication across the central Balkans connecting the Adriaticcoast and the Danube Basin. Taking into account the maritime routebetween the Italic port of Brundisium and Lissus, it was the shortest linkbetween the capital of the Empire and the Danubian limes. Namely, theAppian Way led from Rome to Brundisium, and thence ships sailed to theBalkan Peninsula, where an overland route from Lissus continued along theDrim valley and across the highlands of present-day Albania and Serbia(mostly Kosovo and Metohija) to the Niš Basin with the ancient city ofNaissus at its centre. From Naissus, the road ran along the Timok river valley,took a northeast turn across Kadibogaz, a pass on Stara Planina (northwesternpart of the Balkan Mountain range), and ended at Ratiaria, a Romancolony (present-day Archar on the Danube, Bulgaria). In the period ofthe Empire’s expansion and consolidation of the border on the Danube, theroad was predominantly used for military purposes, for the transportationof troops and supplies to the Danubian limes. With the onset of mining activitiesin Upper Moesia, this important road began to be used for exportingores and thus assumed economic, i.e. commercial, importance.

http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2008/0350-76530839047P.pdf
 
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Romanian murg,the typical reddish dark-brown horse
Romanian amurg,dusk
Albanian murg, monk
Calabrian murga,Italian morchia dell ollio


Mùrga - mùrghi : Morchia dell’olio, > amùrca .
Mùrga : Morchia dell’olio che nel frantoio viene incanalata(Antonio Pisano,Dizionario Dialettale Calabrese)

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/murg#Romanian

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amurg


https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amurca#Latin





From Antonio Pisano"s Dizionario Dialettale Calabrese


Romanian cusuta,Calabrian cusuta,Italian cucita,sewed
R jurai,C jurai,I ho giurato,I swore
R lotru,C latru,I ladro,thief
R laptuca,C lattuca,I lattuga
R loc,C locu,I luogo,place
R spaima,C spagna,I mette paura,fear
R tata,C tata, I padre,father
R negru,C nigru,I nero,black
R pruna,C pruna,I prugna,plum
R spate,C spadhi,I spalla,back
Wallachian,Megleno-Romanian muma(mother),C mauma,I mia madre
R literary sora mea, R popular sor-mea,C sorma,I mia sorella
R lit. sora ta,R popular sor-ta,C sortta,I tua sorella


EDIT
Latin c>>>>>>>>Romanian ,Calabrian g
The Calabrian pronounciation of Calabria,Galabria
Calabrian arangu,Italian arancia
Latin stancus(tired),Romanian stang(left),the semantic shift is explained
by the position of the heart
Latin scabia,Romanian zgaiba,scratch

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stâng
 
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Romanian ce faci?Puglian ce sta faci? Italian che fai?
R. puță(read puzza),P pizza, I.cazzo
R sunt,P sontu,I sono,am,are
R cine sunteti,P chi sinti?,I chi sei?
R cioara(crow),P ciola(magpie)
The term "christian",meaning person,people
R crestin,P cristianu,I persona
R coaie,P cuiuni,I testicoli
R culme,P culme,colmo,I monticello
R cumatra,P cummmare,I madrina
R curea, P curiscia, I cintura
R cutit,P curtieddhu,I coltello
R doi,P doi,I due
R frate,P frate,I fratello
R fier,P fierru,I ferro
Aromanian furnu,P furnu,I forno
R manz(colt),P manzaru(montone,ariete)
R mâță(read mazza),P musscia,I gatto
R insurat,P nzuratu,I sposato
R ou,P ou,I uovo
R rusine,P ruscina, I sporco,dirty,obscene
R sarcina,P sarcina, I fascio
R spinare,P spinnare,I spennare
R nun,P nununne,I padrino



http://pulcinella291.forumfree.it/?t=53634683




Brinnisi(Puglian pronunciation),Brindisi(Italian pronunciation)
Latin brandeum,Aromanian brana,Romanian brau(plural form brana),popular Romanian brana ,traditional belt
Latin granum,Aromanian gran,Romanian grau(plural grane),Istro-Romanian grawu


https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brâu
 
Diurpaneus said:
*These semantic changes, from a domain to another**, were typically Latin/Romance developments, Lat. falx "sickle"; Dr. falcã, Alb. fëlqinë‚ "jaw" –Lat. sella "chair"; Dr. ºale "waist"; Alb, shalë‚ "thigh, leg". –190Lat. sessus "session"; Dr. ºes, Alb. shesh "plains"
Click to expand...
because there are some clear patterns.Sense changes:object>>>>>body part,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,abstract>>>>geographical term,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,another thing,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,The terms for church,Romanian biserica,Old Romanian baseareca,basearica,Aromanian basearica,Megleno-Romanian baserica,came from the Latin form baseleca(Nelu Zugravu),these are all related to some Southern Italian terms.https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseleca_'e_Santa_Lucia_a_MareBaselecara,the local name of Basilicata.http://pulcinella291.forumfree.it/?t=56180038EDIT esti o capra basinoasa,mititica si paroasa,cati un arici iubaret,cu lipici, da si fasnet http://ro.bab.la/dictionar/romana-engleza/fâşneţ-despre-femei https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseleca_'e_Santa_Lucia_a_Mare
 
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It's fascinating that the original homeland of the Vlachs corresponds almost exactly to modern Albania. I take it that's just one theory and not generally accepted? If so it would leave me wondering about the origins of the people we now know as Albanians who call themselves shqiptarët. Perhaps the Vlachs and Albanians have an ancient connection.
 
Dinarid said:
It's fascinating that the original homeland of the Vlachs corresponds almost exactly to modern Albania. I take it that's just one theory and not generally accepted? If so it would leave me wondering about the origins of the people we now know as Albanians who call themselves shqiptarët. Perhaps the Vlachs and Albanians have an ancient connection.
Click to expand...

Have you heard of a province in southern Romania called Vlachia?
 
Dinarid said:
It's fascinating that the original homeland of the Vlachs corresponds almost exactly to modern Albania. I take it that's just one theory and not generally accepted? If so it would leave me wondering about the origins of the people we now know as Albanians who call themselves shqiptarët. Perhaps the Vlachs and Albanians have an ancient connection.
Click to expand...
What makes you think it makes more sense for Vlachs to originate in Albania instead of Vlachia?
 
DuPidh said:
Have you heard of a province in southern Romania called Vlachia?
Click to expand...
Yes, I have. It's unclear as to how it got its name, though it is probably related to the Vlachs though if this is the case that would mean they probably migrated there. "Vlach" was what Slavs called the Romanian people.
 
And Muslim Bosnians also call Serbs "Vlah", plural Vlasi. At least the region I'm from (Posavina) mostly the older generations call them that.
 
Apsurdistan said:
And Muslim Bosnians also call Serbs "Vlah", plural Vlasi. At least the region I'm from (Posavina) mostly the older generations call them that.
Click to expand...

Because they are Vlachs settlers, brought by Ottomans to protect the borders. But they were also used for the same purpose by the Austrian. This people later were serbianised from the Serb orthodox Church. In some Ottoman sources Lazar Hrebeljanović is called son of the vlach meanwhile serbs are called eflaks, i.e. Vlachs.
 
Dinarid said:
It's fascinating that the original homeland of the Vlachs corresponds almost exactly to modern Albania. I take it that's just one theory and not generally accepted? If so it would leave me wondering about the origins of the people we now know as Albanians who call themselves shqiptarët. Perhaps the Vlachs and Albanians have an ancient connection.
Click to expand...

It's one theory. But you have to know that there are different people, unrelated among them who are called Vlachs. For example the Vlachs of Croatia are not related with the Vlachs in South Balkan. The majority of Vlachs in South Balcan were and are to be found in Thessaly. This region once was called Greater Wlachia. The history of the Vlachs is complicated and it's a great enigma.
Meanwhile the origin of the Albanians is from the territories where we live.
 
LABERIA said:
It's one theory. But you have to know that there are different people, unrelated among them who are called Vlachs. For example the Vlachs of Croatia are not related with the Vlachs in South Balkan. The majority of Vlachs in South Balcan were and are to be found in Thessaly. This region once was called Greater Wlachia. The history of the Vlachs is complicated and it's a great enigma.
Meanwhile the origin of the Albanians is from the territories where we live.
Click to expand...
As I understand it the small Romance-speaking groups of the Balkans of a tribal nature (so not the Adriatic islanders who spoke that old Dalmatian Romance) were referred to as "Vlachs", suggesting something of a common origin for some of them. This is of course complicated by the fact that some South Slavs refer to each other by the name as well.
 
Marriages controlled by the couple"s families were something common until recently,surely not only for the South Italian, Romanian/Aromanian and Bulgarian people.However,we see this obsession of the South Italian and Romanian/Aromanian people to preserve or more often,to try to raise their social status,this competition starts identically in both cases,when the dowry starts to be prepared soon after the child is born,being defended like the richest stronghold,the Romanian youngster will always marry the richer girl,surely not his lover, and the rural novel Ion has full coverage here.My grandfather from Baragan has done the same and he and his mates had a saying for this:'De la mine a treia casaMa insurai si luai nevastaO luai cu patru boiS-o turma mare de oiBoii tragOile imi placDar cu toanta ce-am sa fac?'"From my place to the third houseI got married and got a spouseI took her with 4 bullsAnd a large flockThe bulls pullThe sheeps I like the mostBut the silly girlI haven,t yet lost"Another common thing for both the Romanians and the Aromanians is this temptation,urge,to break the rules,in the Aromanian documentary Carvanea Armaneasca the couple escapes from the community party,but the man has certain doubts,"Your folks will gonna break my bones!",in the Romanian rural novels like Ion and Morometii or the documentary film Aluna of the Serbian Vlach people we see the typical Romanian scene ,where the man expects the girl or woman in an isolated portion of the road to approach her,the sweet little female won\t get borred,that,s for sure(because the methods are...well,at least complicated).That's why these episodes with Ivancu or Ivanko look tipically Romanian/Vlach.http://www.tuomatrimonio.eu/tradizi...TAA#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach lamb&f=falseEDIT YOU STUPID PENGUINS ,FIX MY POSTS....NOWWWWWWWWWWWW!!!!http://www.tuomatrimonio.eu/tradizi...nter.com/bulgarian-wedding-traditions-part-1/https://www.tentazionedonna.it/paese-che-vai-matrimonio-che-trovi-sposarsi-in-calabria/http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/...d-balkans/romanian-political-geography/vlachshttps://djaunter.com/bulgarian-wedding-traditions-part-1/https://djaunter.com/bulgarian-wedding-traditions-part-1/https://books.google.it/books?id=Lv...AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach kill&f=falsehttps://books.google.it/books?id=Lv...AEIJzAB#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach kill&f=falsehttps://books.google.it/books?id=tM...AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach lamb&f=falseEDIT VA IA MAMA DRACU DE LICURICI SPURCATI
 
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Marriages controlled by the couple"s families were something common until recently,surely not only for the South Italian, Romanian/Aromanian and Bulgarian people.However,we see this obsession of the South Italian and Romanian/Aromanian people to preserve or more often,to try to raise their social status,this competition starts identically in both cases,when the dowry starts to be prepared soon after the child is born,being defended like the richest stronghold,the Romanian youngster will always marry the richer girl,surely not his lover, and the rural novel Ion has full coverage here.My grandfather from Baragan has done the same and he and his mates had a saying for this:'De la mine a treia casaMa insurai si luai nevastaO luai cu patru boiS-o turma mare de oiBoii tragOile imi placDar cu toanta ce-am sa fac?'"From my place to the third houseI got married and got a spouseI took her with 4 bullsAnd a large flockThe bulls pullThe sheeps I like the mostBut the silly girlI haven,t yet lost"Another common thing for both the Romanians and the Aromanians is this temptation,urge,to break the rules,in the Aromanian documentary Carvanea Armaneasca the couple escapes from the community party,but the man has certain doubts,"Your folks will gonna break my bones!",in the Romanian rural novels like Ion and Morometii or the documentary film Aluna of the Serbian Vlach people we see the typical Romanian scene ,where the man expects the girl or woman in an isolated portion of the road to approach her,the sweet little female won\t get borred,that,s for sure(because the methods are...well,at least complicated).That's why these episodes with Ivancu or Ivanko look tipically Romanian/Vlach.IVANCU,RAISING THE STAKES:https://books.google.it/books?id=tM...AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach lamb&f=falseIvanko (Bulgarian: Иванко) killed Ivan Asen I, ruler of the renascent Second Bulgarian Empire, in 1196. The murder occurred when Asen angrily summoned Ivanko to discipline him for having an affair with his wife's sister.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanko_of_Bulgariahttps://books.google.it/books?id=Lv...IJzAB#v=onepage&q=ivanko vlach sister&f=falseThe Aromanian song Treili Inveasti posted on Romanian music speaks of these kind of events.
 
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From Alexandru


Oscan features in Romanian and Southern Italian


Latin o>>>>>>Oscan, S. Italian,Romanian u


Oscan vocabulary


nú – novius – new [IE *newo- ‘new’]


pru – pro – for, instead of
prúfatted – probavit – he has shown, proven


púst – post – after
pústiris – posterius – posterior
pustmas – postumae
putíans – possint – they would be able
púuttram – pontem – a bridge (acc.sg.)




Italian Napoli,Napoletano Napule


"Variation between o and u (only in the Latin alphabet,
of course, since the native alphabet has no o), mostly in the case of original"(A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian)


Romanian o-u variation


Transylvanian durmi,Aromanian durniri,Durmitor,a mountain from Montenegro,Wallachian,Moldavian dormi
Wallachian ruman,Moldavian,Transylvanian(Palia de la Orastie) roman





"For example, pjéskje ("rocks" or "stones") is related to Oscan *psk."(Molise language)


Romanian pisc,Etymology Uncertain,peak, summit (of a hill or mountain)






Latin q>>>>>>Oscan,Romanian p




R.apă 'water' (cf. Latin aqua)


patru 'four' (cf. Latin quattor)


iapă, 'horse' (cf. Latin equa)


păresimi, 'Lent' (cf. Latin quadragesima)




O,


four: petora
water: aapa






Diphtong au,preserved in S Italian and Romanian,possibly under the influence of the
Oscan substratum.


"10th cent. From Latin aut 'id.' From either *aut-i 'id.' in Proto-Italic.
From Proto-Indo-European *h2eu̯ "away."
Romance: Western Vulgar Latin: Asturian o, Portuguese ou, Galician ou, Catalan o, French ou, Italian o ;
Eastern Vulgar Latin: Romanian au,Italic: Oscan aut "or," Umbrian ute 'id.'"




Oscan-Latin
aut – at – and, also
censaum – censere – to estimate, to evaluate
moltaum – multare – to increase, to multiply

The loss of au in Albanian


Latin aurum,Albanian ar
Latin taurum,Albanian tar




Betacism in Oscan and Romanian


Oscan vocabulary


bivus (nom.pl.) – vivus – alive [IE *gwei- ‘to live’]
cúmbened – convenit – he came together


Romanian


Latin vervex,Romanian berbec,ram
L veteranus,R batran
L alveus,R albie



Latin e>>>>>>Oscan,S Italian,Moldavian,Aromanian i




"OSCAN. 1. Before another vowel, e becomes an open i and is invariably denoted by an i-cliaracter (i in the native
alphabet, earlier i"(A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian)


"Among the commonest variations
are the following :
1. Variation between e and i. In the great majority of instances this occurs where the sound lies
between e and i, or, more correctly, between the extremes of an open e and a close i ;
that is, it is either the open i from original short i (45), or the, close e from original e
(42) or from oi in final syllables
(67, 2). The spelling e is relatively more frequent in the native than in the Latin alphabet.
The use of e for closed I from original I, or, vice versa, of i for the open e from original short e,
or for open e from original ai or ei, is rare. The variation between e and i corresponds then in general
to the Oscan use of f"
 
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Alexandru www said:
Schwa,the most important vowel in Romanian and S Italian








"Graficamente, in italiano (o in latino) non c’è un segno per questa importantissima sesta vocale,
più usata di ogni altra, nel nostro dialetto: lo schwa. Il nome deriva dall’alfabeto ebraico ed
indica un suono (non una vocale vera e propria) indefinito tra la /a/ e la /e/, o addirittura una
sorta di piccolo stop tra le sillabe. Si scrive, di solito, così ‘ ə ‘, oppure anche con la più comune ‘ë’,
come in albanese ed in arbëreshë (la lingua di Greci, il paesino di mia madre).
Nessun altro dialetto italico ne fa un uso così massiccio, come il napoletano.
Man mano che ci si sposta verso est, in Irpinia lo schwa può trasformarsi in ‘ i ‘ o ‘e’
(se interconsonantico) ovvero in ‘o’ ed ‘a’ (dipende dal genere) se a fine parola.
Infatti, di pàtətə abbiamo anche le versioni ‘pàtito’ e ‘pàrito’, di ‘màmmətə’,
abbiamo ‘màmmita’ o ‘màmmeta’. Gli esempi sono innumerevoli.
Prendete il celeberrimo verso del poeta-condomino del Professor Bellavista.
“ ‘A libbərtà… purə ‘o pappəvəllə, l’addə pruvà!”
Ci sono più schwa che ‘a’.


La linguistica è una materia stupenda. Un orecchio attento, sa riconoscere le varianze
dialettali della nostra terra attraverso il fluttuare dello schwa nelle parole.
Come si può immediatamente intuire, non solo non è una vocale dal suono definito,
ma non può assolutamente stare da sola: ha necessariamente bisogno di una consonante
che la protegga, che ne agevoli la sopravvivenza. Lo schwa sembra un cucciolo,
una mascotte e un jolly. Amo, dunque, lo schwa."(Schwa ,mon amour)






MCK>


"Where does the Romanian "ă"(schwa) come f"


"Just curious. It certainly did not come from Latin since there are no other romance languages
that have this vowel(as far as I know).So it's either inherited from the thracians,or borrowed
from Slavic.What do you think? And how does it sound to you? Strange,...ugly,interesting?"

EDIT

"The most striking phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening
of unstressed vowels into schwa (schwa is pronounced like the a in about or the u in upon)."(Neapolitan language)


Latin a,e>>>>>>Romanian schwa
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Alexandru www said:
The extensive use of Latin familia in Romanian,Aromanian and Albanian


Old Romanian famEAie,Aromanian fumEAlji,from a Latin root famEl**,Albanian familje(family) and femije(child),
literary Romanian femeie,Romanian dialectal fomeie,fumeie,femie,fimeie.
In Old Romanian it meant family too,now it only means woman,while the Aromanian senses are familiy and child.




"FAMI´LIA in Old Latin famelia, in Oscan famelo, in Umbrian famedia, is probably in its original
sense a body of persons belonging to a house, a household (Osc. faa-ma =house, Sanskr. dhâ = to settle,
dhâman = settlement). The etymology of Festus (s. v. famuli), deriving familia from the Oscan famel,
meaning “a slave,” is now commonly rejected;"






"Original meaning — ‘house full of slaves’
In Latin, familia began as a collective noun meaning ‘all the slaves belonging to one master’ based on a common Latin
word for slave-servant, famulus.
The Romans appear to have borrowed the word from their Italian neighbours, one race of whom were the Osci. By 350
BCE Rome had conquered the Osci. The Oscan word for ‘slaves of the household’ was famelo, while Oscan for household
slave was famel.
A little later in Latin, familia came to mean all the people over whom the paterfamilias (Latin ‘head of the household’)
held sway. That included his wife, his sons and his daughters. So even in Latin familia sometimes meant ‘members of
one’s immediate family,’ and sometimes the extended circle of one’s blood relatives out to second and third cousins"
("Thoughts on the Latin word familia ")



Latin nd>>>>>>>Oscan,S.Italian,Romanian nn,n


Oscan-Latin


úpsannam – operandam – working


Napoletano granne,Italian grande


Latin brandeum,Aromanian brîn, bărnu,Romanian brau,plural brane,traditional belt


Latin manduco,manducare,Italian manducare,Romanian manca,mancare(c=k),Aromanian mî(n)c, măc(u), mîncată, mîcare,
Megleno-Romanian m(ăn)ǫnc, măncari,Istro-Romanian mărăncu,other Romance versions,with dj/g,for Latin d.


Latin nd,preserved in other Romanian words,L intendere,R intinde,intindere


Oscan tEfúrúm – sacrificium – a victim,Romanian tEAfar(=unharmed,the diphtong ea comes in Romanian,many times, from Latin e,other times,
it comes from Latin ea,R. geaman,L geminus,R geamat,L gemitus,R geana,L genae)
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