Here is a summary of my observations posted in this thread regarding the autosomal analysis of the Mesolithic and Bronze Age samples from Haak et al 2015.
Eurogenes K15 analysis
The K15 admixtures for all the Yamna, Corded Ware and Bell Beaker samples can be found in this spreadsheet.
As I predicted no Red Sea admixture in the Yamna (nor Corded Ware) samples, and only traces (<1%) in the German Bell Beaker ones. I have linked this admixture to haplogroup E1b1b and T.
The K15 doesn't have the Gedrosian, but the South Asian is a bit similar and is quite high in Yamna samples (6-7%) but progressively decreases to 3% in Corded Ware and 0 to 3% in German Bell Beakers. It doesn't necessarily mean that R1b people came from South Asia, but just that modern South Asians carry a similar admixture through haplogroup R1a and R2. South Asian was already found in the Mal'ta boy (hg R*) from Siberia.
Likewise, the relatively high Amerindian admixture in the Karelia and Samara samples (16% and 12%) stems from the phylogenetic link between haplogroups Q and R. This admixture progressively decreases to 4-5% in Yamna, 1.5-3.5% in Corded Ware, and 1-3% in Bell Beakers.
The Eastern European admixture is highest in the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara samples (40%), then drops to 25-33% in Yamna, 14-23% in Corded Ware, and 5-18% in German Bell Beakers. This admixture is linked more specifically to haplogroup R1 (EHG).
The West European admixture of Dodecad is divided in North Sea and Atlantic in K15. It is really interesting to see that the Karelia, Samara, Yamna and Corded Ware samples had between 18% and 30% of North Sea (average 25%), but only the Corded Ware had significant levels of Atlantic admixture (20% to 27% except one sample at 8%). Yamna ranged from 0% to 9.7% of Atlantic. German Bell Beaker samples have between 21% and 33%. So it looks like the North Sea admixture is associated with R1b Indo-Europeans, while the Atlantic one could be more widely Mesolithic European.
The East and West Mediterranean admixtures were both at 0% in all samples except Bell Beakers. This is just like the Red Sea admixture. That confirms that the Mediterranean and Red Sea admixtures are both associated with Neolithic farmers, but not Proto-Indo-Europeans. This also proves that the German Bell Beaker samples had already mixed to a considerable extent with Neolithic Europeans.
In contrast, the West Asian admixture was completely absent from Mesolithic HG from Karelia and Samara, but high in Yamna samples (15% to 22.5%), then also decreases progressively. This is the best proof that R1b-M269 people had partial ancestry from the Caucasus/Kurdistan region, which older R1b from Eastern Europe didn't have. It confirms my theory that some R1b people settled in West Asia in the late Palaeolithic, then domesticated cattle around northern Mesopotamia (Assyria/Kurdistan), then moved back across the Caucasus to use the vast expanse of grassland for their cattle. During the few millennia they stayed in West Asia they had married women from neighbouring tribes and acquired West Asian admixture. This happened before Levantine cereal farmers (G2a) moved in the region, or at least before they mixed with R1b people in West Asia, which explains why Yamna people do not have any Mediterranean admixture. Their ENF is purely West Asian (linked to hg J2 rather than G2a, E1b1b). This also means that it is not impossible that a minority of J2 people (J2b2, and maybe also some J2a) were part of the Yamna population. I proposed this several years ago, although I couldn't decide whether J2b came from the Balkans to the steppe, or from West Asia. Now it appears it is from West Asia.
The Baltic admixture doesn't show big variations between Mesolithic (18%), Yamna (10-16%), Corded Ware (12-20%) and Bell Beaker (6-18%) samples. It is the only stable component. It might be linked to the ubiquitous mtDNA U5 (and Y-haplogroup I), found in all Mesolithic Europeans and absorbed by Neolithic farmers too. Nowadays U5 is most common in the Baltic region. I would think that this admixture was named Baltic because U5 genes survived best in this region, not because the Baltic was the source region (which it certainly wasn't since northern Europe was under ice until the end of the Würm glaciation 10,000 years ago).
How close are modern Saami to Mesolithic samples ?
I checked the population averages for K15 and the Saami of Finland also lack East Med, West Med, Red Sea, West Asian and South Asian, like Karelia and Samara. However they differ in a big way in that the Saami have 12% of Atlantic, where the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara had 0%. Motala12 (Mesolithic Sweden) also had the Atlantic admixture though.
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD="align: center"]North Sea
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Atlantic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Baltic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Eastern_Euro
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Finnish Saami[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.2[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]20.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]27.0[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Karelia[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]23.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]18.9[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]40.4[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Samara[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]25.5[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]41.7[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Sweden[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]34.3[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]10.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]26.9[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]27.5[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
Interestingly Mesolithic R1a and R1b from Russia both have more 'North Sea' than modern Saami, even though Mesolithic Scandinavians had the most 'North Sea' (about 33%). If percentages don't seem to add up, it's because the Saami have also 20% of Siberian admixture. If we take that out, we get:
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD="align: center"]North Sea
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Atlantic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Baltic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Eastern_Euro
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Pre-Uralic Saami[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]22.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]15.3[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]25.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]33.8[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
The Atlantic admixture might have come from a Mesolithic migration from Iberia, perhaps the one that brought mt-haplogroup V.
Dodecad admixtures
Genetiker ran the samples in various Dodecad calculators. Here are the results for Karelia, Samara, Yamna, Corded Ware and Bell Beaker samples (actually just one of each, not an average).
The results for the Gedrosian admixture (K12b) are:
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Sample
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Gedrosian admixture
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Karelia[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]6.05[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Samara[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.98[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Yamna[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]26.29[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Corded Ware[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]21.94[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]German Bell Beaker[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]9.62[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
This is just what I expected for Yamna. I am a bit perplexed over the two Mesolithic samples through. I shows that the Gedrosian admixture already existed in basal R1a and R1b with no West Asian admixture. That points to a Palaeolithic R1* origin of some of the Gedrosian. However, since Yamna and Corded Ware people have much more of it, it means that some Gedrosian also came from West Asia. That would mean that Gedrosian is not a pure admixture, but a compound, most likely of West Asian, South Asian, and perhaps also what K15 reports as Amerindian, which would be a sort of ANE. That explains why Gedrosia and ANE do not match at all in regions like Northeast Europe, which have a lot of ANE, but little Gedrosian.
Here is where the Gedrosian admixture is found today.
Dodecad K12 analysis
Here is a comparison of the Dodecad K12 (aka dv3) frequencies - the ones I used most for the autosomal maps on this site.
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 100%"]
[TR]
[TD="width: 25%"]Admixture
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Karelia
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Samara[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Yamna[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Corded Ware
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Bell Beaker[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]West European[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]50.02%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]52.07%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]49.08%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]48.97%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]61.53%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]East European[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]33.82%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]30.85%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]20.88%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]21.05%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.94%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mediterranean[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.47%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]9.04%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]19.21%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]West Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.42%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]15.65%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]2.61%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Southwest Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.02%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]5.29%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]South Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]3.48%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.75%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.42%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]5.27%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.01%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Southeast Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.05%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Northeast Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.68%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.27%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]3.74%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Northwest African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]East African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Neo African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.69%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
First of all, it looks like the Amerindian admixture from K15 becomes Northeast Asian in dv3. I assumed that this admixture was a shared component with haplogroup Q, since Q and R evolved from a same Siberian ancestor. Nevertheless, I can't explain why modern West Europeans and even Bell Beaker samples completely lack that admixture if it was present in all R1a and R1b population, including Yamna and Corded Ware. If modern Northwest Europeans inherited about half of their genes from Yamna people, then they should at least have 1 or 2% of Northeast Asian, but it is closer to 0.1%. One explanation is that this Amerindian or Northeast Asian admixture wasn't part of the Mesolithic R1a and R1b gene pool, and that it is only found in the Volga region and Karelia because R1a and R1b people intermarried with Siberian people (Proto-Uralic or pre-Uralic). The R1b people from the Black Sea region, who moved to the Balkans then up to the Danube to Germany (Bell Beaker, then Unetice) almost certainly lacked that Amerindian/Siberian/Northeast Asian admixture. There is no other way to explain its sudden drop to 0% in the Bell Beaker R1b.
What is also surprising is how different the Bell Beaker sample is from the Yamna and Corded Ware. It looks like over half of the Bell Beaker genes came from the Neolithic population of Germany, particularly high in Mediterranean (linked to G2a) and Southwest Asian (linked to J1 and T1a), but comprising also Mesolithic genes (hg I1 and I2, or mtDNA U4 and U5) reported as West European.
Another remarkable thing is that Yamna and Corded Ware people both had 50% of West European admixture, and only 20% of East European. I expected that for R1b Yamna Indo-Europeans, since they brought their genes from the steppe to Western Europe.
It is less clear why the R1a population of the Corded Ware wasn't closer to the modern Balto-Slavic R1a people. It suggests that Balto-Slavic people do not descend mostly from the Corded Ware, but rather from other cultures further north like the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture. Although archaeologically it looks like an eastern extension of th Corded Ware, there may only have been a minority of Corded Ware R1a-M458 moving into an essentially R1a-Z280 + I2a1 territory. The Corded Ware itself would have been created by a movement of R1b-L23 people into R1a-M458 territory. Therefore Fatyanovo–Balanovo may have been mainly R1a-Z280 and I2a1 with substantial minorities of R1a-M458 and R1b-L23 from Corded Ware.
I always said that R1b Yamna people were pushed out of the Pontic Steppe by R1a people from the north during the Catacomb culture. These R1a people would have come from the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture. We only have mtDNA samples from the Catacomb culture, but they are a radical shift from Yamna and Corded Ware samples. Haplogroup U4 jumps from 5% in Yamna and CW to 25% in Catacomb, which I believe is a sign of the arrival of a mostly R1a population with more East European admixture. Catacomb samples are characteristic by their absence of mt-haplogroup K, T, W and X, all West Asian haplogroups that would have come from the South Caucasus/Kurdistan. I expect that these Catacomb samples will lack West Asian admixture just like the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara HG. On the other hand they have 10% of mtDNA C4, which is surely the source of the Amerindian/Siberian admixture in Mesolithic Karelia and Samara.
This is where the East European admixture is found today.
So even Karelia and the Samara region of the Volga are not in the core, but in the 40-50% zone. However the modern frequency in these regions is mostly the result of Slavic Russians moving into the region and mixing with local Uralic people. The Mesolithic samples had only 31% and 34% of East European, about 10-15% less than today.
Eurogenes K15 analysis
The K15 admixtures for all the Yamna, Corded Ware and Bell Beaker samples can be found in this spreadsheet.
As I predicted no Red Sea admixture in the Yamna (nor Corded Ware) samples, and only traces (<1%) in the German Bell Beaker ones. I have linked this admixture to haplogroup E1b1b and T.
The K15 doesn't have the Gedrosian, but the South Asian is a bit similar and is quite high in Yamna samples (6-7%) but progressively decreases to 3% in Corded Ware and 0 to 3% in German Bell Beakers. It doesn't necessarily mean that R1b people came from South Asia, but just that modern South Asians carry a similar admixture through haplogroup R1a and R2. South Asian was already found in the Mal'ta boy (hg R*) from Siberia.
Likewise, the relatively high Amerindian admixture in the Karelia and Samara samples (16% and 12%) stems from the phylogenetic link between haplogroups Q and R. This admixture progressively decreases to 4-5% in Yamna, 1.5-3.5% in Corded Ware, and 1-3% in Bell Beakers.
The Eastern European admixture is highest in the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara samples (40%), then drops to 25-33% in Yamna, 14-23% in Corded Ware, and 5-18% in German Bell Beakers. This admixture is linked more specifically to haplogroup R1 (EHG).
The West European admixture of Dodecad is divided in North Sea and Atlantic in K15. It is really interesting to see that the Karelia, Samara, Yamna and Corded Ware samples had between 18% and 30% of North Sea (average 25%), but only the Corded Ware had significant levels of Atlantic admixture (20% to 27% except one sample at 8%). Yamna ranged from 0% to 9.7% of Atlantic. German Bell Beaker samples have between 21% and 33%. So it looks like the North Sea admixture is associated with R1b Indo-Europeans, while the Atlantic one could be more widely Mesolithic European.
The East and West Mediterranean admixtures were both at 0% in all samples except Bell Beakers. This is just like the Red Sea admixture. That confirms that the Mediterranean and Red Sea admixtures are both associated with Neolithic farmers, but not Proto-Indo-Europeans. This also proves that the German Bell Beaker samples had already mixed to a considerable extent with Neolithic Europeans.
In contrast, the West Asian admixture was completely absent from Mesolithic HG from Karelia and Samara, but high in Yamna samples (15% to 22.5%), then also decreases progressively. This is the best proof that R1b-M269 people had partial ancestry from the Caucasus/Kurdistan region, which older R1b from Eastern Europe didn't have. It confirms my theory that some R1b people settled in West Asia in the late Palaeolithic, then domesticated cattle around northern Mesopotamia (Assyria/Kurdistan), then moved back across the Caucasus to use the vast expanse of grassland for their cattle. During the few millennia they stayed in West Asia they had married women from neighbouring tribes and acquired West Asian admixture. This happened before Levantine cereal farmers (G2a) moved in the region, or at least before they mixed with R1b people in West Asia, which explains why Yamna people do not have any Mediterranean admixture. Their ENF is purely West Asian (linked to hg J2 rather than G2a, E1b1b). This also means that it is not impossible that a minority of J2 people (J2b2, and maybe also some J2a) were part of the Yamna population. I proposed this several years ago, although I couldn't decide whether J2b came from the Balkans to the steppe, or from West Asia. Now it appears it is from West Asia.
The Baltic admixture doesn't show big variations between Mesolithic (18%), Yamna (10-16%), Corded Ware (12-20%) and Bell Beaker (6-18%) samples. It is the only stable component. It might be linked to the ubiquitous mtDNA U5 (and Y-haplogroup I), found in all Mesolithic Europeans and absorbed by Neolithic farmers too. Nowadays U5 is most common in the Baltic region. I would think that this admixture was named Baltic because U5 genes survived best in this region, not because the Baltic was the source region (which it certainly wasn't since northern Europe was under ice until the end of the Würm glaciation 10,000 years ago).
How close are modern Saami to Mesolithic samples ?
I checked the population averages for K15 and the Saami of Finland also lack East Med, West Med, Red Sea, West Asian and South Asian, like Karelia and Samara. However they differ in a big way in that the Saami have 12% of Atlantic, where the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara had 0%. Motala12 (Mesolithic Sweden) also had the Atlantic admixture though.
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD="align: center"]North Sea
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Atlantic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Baltic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Eastern_Euro
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Finnish Saami[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.2[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]20.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]27.0[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Karelia[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]23.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]18.9[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]40.4[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Samara[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]25.5[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.7[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]41.7[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Sweden[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]34.3[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]10.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]26.9[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]27.5[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
Interestingly Mesolithic R1a and R1b from Russia both have more 'North Sea' than modern Saami, even though Mesolithic Scandinavians had the most 'North Sea' (about 33%). If percentages don't seem to add up, it's because the Saami have also 20% of Siberian admixture. If we take that out, we get:
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD="align: center"]North Sea
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Atlantic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Baltic
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Eastern_Euro
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Pre-Uralic Saami[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]22.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]15.3[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]25.1[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]33.8[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
The Atlantic admixture might have come from a Mesolithic migration from Iberia, perhaps the one that brought mt-haplogroup V.
Dodecad admixtures
Genetiker ran the samples in various Dodecad calculators. Here are the results for Karelia, Samara, Yamna, Corded Ware and Bell Beaker samples (actually just one of each, not an average).
The results for the Gedrosian admixture (K12b) are:
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Sample
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]Gedrosian admixture
[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Karelia[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]6.05[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mesolithic Samara[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.98[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Yamna[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]26.29[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Corded Ware[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]21.94[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]German Bell Beaker[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]9.62[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
This is just what I expected for Yamna. I am a bit perplexed over the two Mesolithic samples through. I shows that the Gedrosian admixture already existed in basal R1a and R1b with no West Asian admixture. That points to a Palaeolithic R1* origin of some of the Gedrosian. However, since Yamna and Corded Ware people have much more of it, it means that some Gedrosian also came from West Asia. That would mean that Gedrosian is not a pure admixture, but a compound, most likely of West Asian, South Asian, and perhaps also what K15 reports as Amerindian, which would be a sort of ANE. That explains why Gedrosia and ANE do not match at all in regions like Northeast Europe, which have a lot of ANE, but little Gedrosian.
Here is where the Gedrosian admixture is found today.
Dodecad K12 analysis
Here is a comparison of the Dodecad K12 (aka dv3) frequencies - the ones I used most for the autosomal maps on this site.
[TABLE="class: outer_border, width: 100%"]
[TR]
[TD="width: 25%"]Admixture
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Karelia
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Samara[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Yamna[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Corded Ware
[/TD]
[TD="width: 15%, align: center"]Bell Beaker[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[TD][/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]West European[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]50.02%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]52.07%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]49.08%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]48.97%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]61.53%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]East European[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]33.82%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]30.85%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]20.88%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]21.05%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.94%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Mediterranean[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.47%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]9.04%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]19.21%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]West Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]17.42%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]15.65%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]2.61%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Southwest Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.02%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]5.29%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]South Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]3.48%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.75%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.42%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]5.27%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.01%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Southeast Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.05%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Northeast Asian[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]12.68%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]8.27%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]3.74%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Northwest African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]East African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Neo African
[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0%[/TD]
[TD="align: center"]0.69%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
First of all, it looks like the Amerindian admixture from K15 becomes Northeast Asian in dv3. I assumed that this admixture was a shared component with haplogroup Q, since Q and R evolved from a same Siberian ancestor. Nevertheless, I can't explain why modern West Europeans and even Bell Beaker samples completely lack that admixture if it was present in all R1a and R1b population, including Yamna and Corded Ware. If modern Northwest Europeans inherited about half of their genes from Yamna people, then they should at least have 1 or 2% of Northeast Asian, but it is closer to 0.1%. One explanation is that this Amerindian or Northeast Asian admixture wasn't part of the Mesolithic R1a and R1b gene pool, and that it is only found in the Volga region and Karelia because R1a and R1b people intermarried with Siberian people (Proto-Uralic or pre-Uralic). The R1b people from the Black Sea region, who moved to the Balkans then up to the Danube to Germany (Bell Beaker, then Unetice) almost certainly lacked that Amerindian/Siberian/Northeast Asian admixture. There is no other way to explain its sudden drop to 0% in the Bell Beaker R1b.
What is also surprising is how different the Bell Beaker sample is from the Yamna and Corded Ware. It looks like over half of the Bell Beaker genes came from the Neolithic population of Germany, particularly high in Mediterranean (linked to G2a) and Southwest Asian (linked to J1 and T1a), but comprising also Mesolithic genes (hg I1 and I2, or mtDNA U4 and U5) reported as West European.
Another remarkable thing is that Yamna and Corded Ware people both had 50% of West European admixture, and only 20% of East European. I expected that for R1b Yamna Indo-Europeans, since they brought their genes from the steppe to Western Europe.
It is less clear why the R1a population of the Corded Ware wasn't closer to the modern Balto-Slavic R1a people. It suggests that Balto-Slavic people do not descend mostly from the Corded Ware, but rather from other cultures further north like the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture. Although archaeologically it looks like an eastern extension of th Corded Ware, there may only have been a minority of Corded Ware R1a-M458 moving into an essentially R1a-Z280 + I2a1 territory. The Corded Ware itself would have been created by a movement of R1b-L23 people into R1a-M458 territory. Therefore Fatyanovo–Balanovo may have been mainly R1a-Z280 and I2a1 with substantial minorities of R1a-M458 and R1b-L23 from Corded Ware.
I always said that R1b Yamna people were pushed out of the Pontic Steppe by R1a people from the north during the Catacomb culture. These R1a people would have come from the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture. We only have mtDNA samples from the Catacomb culture, but they are a radical shift from Yamna and Corded Ware samples. Haplogroup U4 jumps from 5% in Yamna and CW to 25% in Catacomb, which I believe is a sign of the arrival of a mostly R1a population with more East European admixture. Catacomb samples are characteristic by their absence of mt-haplogroup K, T, W and X, all West Asian haplogroups that would have come from the South Caucasus/Kurdistan. I expect that these Catacomb samples will lack West Asian admixture just like the Mesolithic Karelia and Samara HG. On the other hand they have 10% of mtDNA C4, which is surely the source of the Amerindian/Siberian admixture in Mesolithic Karelia and Samara.
This is where the East European admixture is found today.
So even Karelia and the Samara region of the Volga are not in the core, but in the 40-50% zone. However the modern frequency in these regions is mostly the result of Slavic Russians moving into the region and mixing with local Uralic people. The Mesolithic samples had only 31% and 34% of East European, about 10-15% less than today.
Last edited:
