Anvers
Anvers (Antwerpen en néerlandais, Antwerp en anglais; pop. 455.000, avec la banlieue 800.000) est la deuxième plus grande ville et commune de Belgique. C'est la capitale de la province d'Anvers et le deuxième plus grand port d'Europe après Rotterdam.
Anvers est aussi le plus grand centre mondial de commerce, coupe et polissage de diamands. Depuis les années 1990's, Anvers est devenue une des grandes villes de la mode et de la haute couture. La ville s'enorgueillit aussi d'avoir le troisième plus grand jardin zoologique en Europe au niveau du nombre d'espèces.
Anvers est devenu un bastion du nationalisme flamand depuis deux decénnies. Le parti d'extrème droite pro-independantiste Vlaams Belang a obtenu deux tiers des votes aux deux dernières élections municipales.
Origine du nom 'Anvers'
The legend says that the name 'Anvers' comes from the Dutch "hand werpen" meaning "hand thrown".
The story has it that a mean and nasty giant controlled the river traffic, demanding exhorbitant tolls. Those who refused to pay had one of their hand cut off.
But one day, a young and brave Roman soldier named Silvius Brabo managed to kill the giant. He cut the giant's hand and threw it in the Scheldt River, giving the city its name.
The name comes more probably from the word ‘aanwerp’ (alluvial mound’), which describes the first settlement's geographical feature.
Histoire
Anvers was already inhabited in Gallo-Roman times. A first fortification was built in the 7th century, but it was destroyed by the Vikings in the 9th century.
In the 10th century, Anvers became a margraviate (a border province) of the Holy Roman Empire, the Schedlt River marking the border with the County of Flanders, which then belonged to the Kingdom of France.
The city was annexed to the Duchy of Brabant, and by the mid-14th century had become Western Europe's leading centre for trade and finance, thanks to its seaport and wool market.
When Anvers became part of the County of Flanders in 1356, it lost many of its privileges to Bruges' profit. However, in 15th century, Anvers's economy boomed and it turned into a world-class metropolis with many great names of the time, such as the cartographers Ortelius and Mercator or the painters Bruegel and Matsys.
The Reformation and subsequent conflict between Protestants and Catholics wreaked havoc the Low Countries. The Spanish Inquisition under Philip II contrived the Northern Netherlands to secede from the Southern Netherlands and form the independent Union of Utrecht in 1579. The Spaniards responded by taking Anvers in 1585, and the Northern Netherlands closed off the Scheldt to avoid further invasion of their territory. About 60% of Anvers's population of 100,000 fled to the Northern Netherlands, including most of the intellectuals, artists and rich merchants.
This terrible blow did not prevent Anvers from flourishing again in the 17th century, with painters like Rubens, Van Dyck and Jordaens, the sculptor families Quellin and Verbrugghen or printers like Moretus.
The Scheldt, which gives access to the sea 60km away, remained closed between 1650 and the 19th century, and Anvers's prosperity declined. Napoleon saw the Port of Anvers as "a pistol pointed at the heart of England" and undertook its modernizaton. The French period (1792-1815) was not all good for Anvers, and was accompanied by cultural plunder and destruction. The anti-clericalism of the French revolutionaries even threatened the cathedral - but the buildings remained intact.
The Northern and Southern Netherlands were shortly reunified between 1815 and 1830. The Scheldt was not reopened until 1863 though, but from that time on, Anvers was set to become again the great city it had been. It evolved into the world's third largest port, until Hong Kong, Singapore and other Asian cities slowly relayed it to the tenth position at present.
In 1920, Anvers hosted the sixth Summer Olympic Games. In 1993, Anvers was nominated Cultural Capital of Europe.
Attractions touristiques
Grote Markt
Anvers's Grote Markt (town square) is a jewel of 16th century architecture. The houses of the Guilds are richely decorated with golden statues, like in Brussels' Groote Markt.
The Stadhuis (town hall) was completed in 1564 in Renaissance style, with a touch of Flemish Gothic so as not to contrast too sharply with the surrounding buildings.
In the middle of the square stands a 1887 statue of Brabo, the legendary slayer of the giant.
'Hofstraat', a street situated near the Town Square, is the place where the 'Old Stock Exchange' stood unitil 1533.
Cathédrale Notre-Dame
The impressive 123m high tower of Anvers's Gothic Cathedral is an immediate eyecatcher. A chapel existed on the spot of the cathedral since the 12th century, and the current structure was progressively constructed from 1352 to 1481, giving us a fairly good idea of the opulence that Anvers enjoyed at the time.
Most of the original furniture was destroyed or plundered with time (by the Spaniards or the French), but the cathedral still houses two of Rubens' masterpieces, the ‘Descent from the Cross’ and the ‘Elevation of the Cross’.
Contrarily to most churches in Belgium, or even Europe, this cathedral charges an admission fee (2 euro). Visitors are welcome between 10am and 5pm on weekdays, 10am to 3pm on Saturdays and 1pm to 4pm on Sundays and public holidays.
Le Steen
Anvers's castle is known as the 'Steen' (lit. "stone"), so called because at the time it was built in the 13th century most buildings were still made of wood.
The castle was revamped in 1520 under Charles V of Habsburg by the architects Keldermans and De Waghemakere.
The statue in front of the castle's gate was once endowed of a conspicuous virile member, but the prude Jesuits disposed of it in the 17th century.
Other sights around the Grote Markt
The Museum Plantin-Moretus traces back the history of printing and publishing since the middle of the 16th century. Christophe Plantin (1520-1589) was a French humanist who moved to Anvers in 1549 and set up a printing establishment there, which eventually became the largest such business in the Low Countries. After his death, the company was taken over by his son-in-law, Jan Moretus. The museum has an exceptional collection of typographical material, including the two oldest surviving printing presses in the world. Its remarkable library possesses some very rare books, including a Bible in five languages (Biblia Polyglotta) and an anatomical book by Andreas Vesalius. The museum is located on Vrijdagmarkt (Friday Market), 200m south of the town hall.
In the opposite direction, 100m north of the town hall is the Vleeshuis (Butcher's Hall, open 10am-5pm, closed Mondays). Headquarter of the butcher's guild since the 14th century, it used to be the only place to sell meat in the city in medieval times.
Further north, off the Veemarkt is Sint-Jacobskerk (St. James' Church). This is where Anvers's noblemen and rich bourgeois were buried. The church was built between 1491 and 1656. It has no less than 23 tomb-chapels, one of which is the resting place of Peter Paul Rubens. The master made the painting "Our Lady Surrounded by Saints" with the intention to be placed on his tomb. It has been speculated that it could be a family portrait, with Rubens impersonating St George.
From there, take the Minderbroedersrui street southward until Keizerstraat, where Rockoxhuis (Rockox House, open 10am-5pm, closed Mondays) is located. Nicolaas Rockox (1560-1640) was the mayor of Anvers for 8 years between 1603 and 1625. His house has an small collection of paintings by Brueghel, Matsijs, Van Dyck, Jordaens, as well as his personal friend Rubens. Pieter Brueghel the Younger's Proverbs, in room 6, is particularily famous.
South-west of Rockoxhuis, you will reach the splendid Baroque-style Sint-Carolus-Borromeuskerk (St. Charles Borromeo' Church), on Hendrick Conscienceplein. It was built by the Jesuits in 1621, and for the most part designed by Rubens. The great master also made 39 ceiling paintings, which were unfortunately destroyed by a fire in 1718.
The Meir
The busiest shopping street of Anvers is known as the 'Meir'. At the western end of the Meir rises the Art-Deco Torengebouw (lit. "tower building"), which was Europe's first skyscraper when it was completed in 1932.
In 1531, a New Stock Exchange (see above for "Old Stock Exchange') was built on the Meir. It was the first building in the world designed as a stock exchange and a trade exchange. It burned down in 1858 and was reconstructed in an intricate Neo-Gothic style.
The Meir is lined with Rococo-style buildings. Two of them, designed by architect Van Baurscheit, particularily stand out: the Osterrieth House and the Koninklijk Paleis (Royal Palace), which was used, among others, by Napoleon and is the former Royal Residence of the Belgian Kings in Anvers.
Famous brands and designers' boutiques can be found principally along Schuttershofstraat and Hopland, which run parallel to the Meir to the south. The two shopping streets are connected by a long square known as Wapper. This is on Wapper than stand the Koninklijk Paleis and Rubens' House.
Rubens' House
Peter Paul Rubens lived from 1616 to 1640 in a house in Wapper. Rubens painted most of his materpieces and received his guests and patrons in this Renaissance-Baroque building.
The House was altered considerably by the subsequent occupants, but was restored to its likely original state after the City of Anvers purchased it in 1937.
The house is open from 9 am to 5 pm and is closed on Modays and some public holidays.
Other Museums
Anvers has enough museums to keep you busy for a few days. Here are a few noteworthy ones :
Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Leopold De Waelplaats, 1-9
Museum for Contemporary Arts of Anvers, Leuvenstraat, 23
Photography Museum, Waalsekaai, 47
Museum Mayer Van den Bergh, Langegasthuistraat, 19
Quatier des diamantaires et gare centrale
Anvers's world-famous diamond quarter is located west of the Central Train Station, around Pelikaanstraat, just opposite the Zoological Gardens.
Approximately 85% of the world's uncut diamonds and half of the cut ones are negociated here, employing some 30,000 people. The industry is run primarily by Orthodox Jews, easily recognisable by their distinctive hair-style and traditional black outfit. The local business does not revolve exclusively around diamonds, but also gold and other precious stones and metals.
The Diamond Museum, facing the train station on Koningin Astridplein, is unsurprisingly the largest of its kind in the world.
Jardins zoologiques
Anvers's zoological gardens is one of the oldest (founded in 1843) and most famous zoos in the world, hosting more than 5,000 animals (=> see the list of famous Zoological gardens in Europe). The Royal Society for Zoology has been watching over the welfare of numerous animals and helping to protect threatened animals for over 100 years.
The Zoo is open everyday from 10 am. It closes at 4:45 pm from November to February, 5:30 pm in March, April and October, 6pm in May, June and September, and 7pm in July and August. Admission is 12 euro for adults and 9.5 euro for children from 3 to 11 years old.
Restaurants recommandés
N.B. : the stars indicate the Michelin Guide rating, the score on a scale of 1 to 20 indicates the Gault Millau Guide rating.
't Fornuis ☆ (17/20), 24, Reyndersstraat - 2000 Anvers (Gastronomic French)
Dôme ☆ (16/20), 2, Groot Hondstraat - 2018 Anvers. (Gastronomic French)
Le Petit Zinc ☆ (16/20), 9, Veemarkt - 2000 Anvers. (Gastronomic French)
Gin-Fish ☆ (15/20), 9, Haarstraat - 2000 Anvers. (Gastronomic French)
Lunch-Lounge Het Gebaar (16/20), 24, Leopoldstraat (in the Botanic Garden) - 2000 Anvers (International, Fusion)
Radis Noir (15/20), 186, Desguinlei - 2018 Anvers (Belgian-French)
La Luna (15/20), 177, Italiëlei - 2000 Anvers (Brasserie, International, Vegetarian)
Dock's Café (14/20), 7, Jordaenskaai - 2000 Anvers (Brasserie)
P'tit Vatelli (15/20), 75, Kammenstraat - 2000 Anvers (French)
Liang's Garden (14/20), 141, Markgravelei - 2018 Anvers (Chinese)
Izumi (14/20), 44, Beeldhouwerstraat - 2000 Anvers (Japanese)
Accès
Anvers is easily accesible by train from Brussels (35 to 55min), Ghent (40 to 50min) or Bruges (1h20min).
The Thalys bullet-train connects Anvers to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels and Paris several times a day.
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