Genetic study Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors

[Maciamo]

A new paper on Phoenician and Carthaginian DNA.

Nature: Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors

Abstract
The maritime Phoenician civilization from the Levant transformed the entire Mediterranean during the first millennium BCE. However, the extent of human movement between the Levantine Phoenician homeland and Phoenician–Punic settlements in the central and western Mediterranean has been unclear in the absence of comprehensive ancient DNA studies. Here, we generated genome-wide data for 210 individuals, including 196 from 14 sites traditionally identified as Phoenician and Punic in the Levant, North Africa, Iberia, Sicily, Sardinia and Ibiza, and an early Iron Age individual from Algeria. Levantine Phoenicians made little genetic contribution to Punic settlements in the central and western Mediterranean between the sixth and second centuries BCE, despite abundant archaeological evidence of cultural, historical, linguistic and religious links. Instead, these inheritors of Levantine Phoenician culture derived most of their ancestry from a genetic profile similar to that of Sicily and the Aegean. Much of the remaining ancestry originated from North Africa, reflecting the growing influence of Carthage. However, this was a minority contributor of ancestry in all of the sampled sites, including in Carthage itself. Different Punic sites across the central and western Mediterranean show similar patterns of high genetic diversity. We also detect genetic relationships across the Mediterranean, reflecting shared demographic processes that shaped the Punic world.

Ancestry models inferred for 122 Phoenician-Punic individuals using unsupervised ADMIXTURE with K = 2, 3, 4 and 5 latent ancestry components

Ancestry models inferred for the 140 Phoenician-Punic individuals in our data set by qpAdm

Y Haplogroup Diversity in male individuals from Phoenician and Punic contexts

 

[WHGuy]

It is absolutely bonkers to me that they, once again, do not have downstream calls on the R1b samples.

 

[Pygmalion]

A new paper on Phoenician and Carthaginian DNA.

Nature: Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors

Abstract
The maritime Phoenician civilization from the Levant transformed the entire Mediterranean during the first millennium BCE. However, the extent of human movement between the Levantine Phoenician homeland and Phoenician–Punic settlements in the central and western Mediterranean has been unclear in the absence of comprehensive ancient DNA studies. Here, we generated genome-wide data for 210 individuals, including 196 from 14 sites traditionally identified as Phoenician and Punic in the Levant, North Africa, Iberia, Sicily, Sardinia and Ibiza, and an early Iron Age individual from Algeria. Levantine Phoenicians made little genetic contribution to Punic settlements in the central and western Mediterranean between the sixth and second centuries BCE, despite abundant archaeological evidence of cultural, historical, linguistic and religious links. Instead, these inheritors of Levantine Phoenician culture derived most of their ancestry from a genetic profile similar to that of Sicily and the Aegean. Much of the remaining ancestry originated from North Africa, reflecting the growing influence of Carthage. However, this was a minority contributor of ancestry in all of the sampled sites, including in Carthage itself. Different Punic sites across the central and western Mediterranean show similar patterns of high genetic diversity. We also detect genetic relationships across the Mediterranean, reflecting shared demographic processes that shaped the Punic world.

View attachment 18186

View attachment 18187

Ancestry models inferred for 122 Phoenician-Punic individuals using unsupervised ADMIXTURE with K = 2, 3, 4 and 5 latent ancestry components

View attachment 18188

Ancestry models inferred for the 140 Phoenician-Punic individuals in our data set by qpAdm

View attachment 18189

Y Haplogroup Diversity in male individuals from Phoenician and Punic contexts

View attachment 18190

These models make little sense in my opinion. Steppe Early-Middle Bronze Age to model populations living around 600-50 BC? Why use Early-Middle Bronze Age Sicilians when we have Iron Age Sicilian samples from native cemeteries dating as late as 500-600 BC? Why Iran N as if it still existed in the first millennium BC as a pure population?

 

[Moja]

No Levantine, but Iranian ancestors.

According to Fernandes et al. (2020): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7080320/

"Phoenician colonies were established in the Balearic Islands in the Iron Age. The Ibiza individual published in from a collective burial in a Punic hypogeum and dated to 361–178 calBCE is not consistent with forming a clade with any of the Bronze Age Balearic individuals and has a qualitatively different ancestry profile; for example, a North African source of ancestry is required to obtain a fit (our model is 10.8 ± 2.7% Iran_Ganj_Dareh_Neolithic and 89.2 ± 2.7% Morocco_LN ancestry (Morocco Late Neolithic))"

 

[Maciamo]

Here is the list of the samples tested with the Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups.

Genetic ID	Group ID	Analysis category	Date mean in BP	Locality	Y-DNA	Y-haplogroup	mtDNA
I12433	Algeria_IA	non-Punic context - North Africa Iron Age	2752	Aurès, Constantine	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J1c1b1
I11794	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2542	Akhziv	E-Y2862	E1b1b1a1a1c1b~	U1b3
I11806	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2761	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	N2a
I11788	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-V12	E1b1b1a1a1	U7b
I11804	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV4a2a
I11805	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	G-Z6553	G2a	I
I22251	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	X1c
I22252	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	I1b
I22253	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-V22	E1b1b1a1b2	R0a1+152
I22254	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	J-ZS4312	J1a2a1a2d2b2a2~	R2+13500
I22256	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	W6
I22258	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2g2a
I22260	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-Y20282	E1b1b1a1b2a4b~	I4b
I22271	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2b
I22264	Israel_Phoenician_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2600	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I22276	Israel_Phoenician_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Akhziv	n/a (sex unknown)	n/a (sex unknown)	n/a (<2x)
I22284	Israel_Phoenician_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2650	Akhziv	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	R0a2
I21984	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2300	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1e1
I21987	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2450	Sardinia, Tharros	G-L30	G2a2b	U5b1d1
I22096	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2582	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1aj1
I22115	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2645	Sardinia, Tharros	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1	T2b7a2
I22117	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2582	Sardinia, Tharros	R-L2	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1	J1c
I22118	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2589	Sardinia, Tharros	E-Z1919	E1b1b1a1	U5a2b
I22121	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2614	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	K1a4g
I22122	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2419	Sardinia, Tharros	E-L1250	E1b1b1a1b2	H30a
I22093	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2244	Sardinia, Tharros	G-P15	G2a	R0a2a
I22114	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2239	Sardinia, Tharros	I	I	J2b1a2
I22119	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2225	Sardinia, Tharros	J-ZS6056	J1a2a1a2d2b2b2~	J1b1a3
I21966	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2239	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H+152
I21963	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2450	Sardinia, Tharros	..	..	H
I21986	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2250	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1a2
I22090	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_oNAfrica	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Sardinia, Tharros	G-P303	G2a2b2a	U5b1+16189+@16192​
I22094	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_oNAfrica	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Sardinia, Tharros	C	C	U3b2a
I22088	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2117	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H11
I22125	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2094	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV0+195
I22113	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2131	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I21964	Italy_Sardinia_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2065	Sardinia, Tharros	R-V3505	R1b1a1b1a1a2a	H
I22091	Italy_Sardinia_Roman_oCaucasus	non-Punic context - Roman period	1938	Sardinia, Tharros	I-Y16419	I2a2b	U3a3
I22112	Italy_Sardinia_Roman_oEurope	non-Punic context - Roman period	2077	Sardinia, Tharros	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV0
I22245	Italy_Sicily_BA_IA	Not analyzed - low coverage	3150	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I13140	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1e8
I13142	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2e7
I13126	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I13133	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H
I13136	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2c1d+152
I13137	Italy_Sicily_IA_Sicani_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2550	Sicily, Baucina	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J1
I24560	Italy_Sicily_LateAntiquity	non-Punic context - Roman period	1382	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U3a3
I22234	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3835	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1j
I22238	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3705	Sicily, Motya	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1	I1
I22241	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3485	Sicily, Motya	R-Z2118	R1b1a1b1a	H4a1
I22242	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3460	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2h
I22237	Italy_Sicily_MBA_oAfrica	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3480	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	L3b1a
I22240	Italy_Sicily_MBA_oSteppe_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	3585	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I12666	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2454	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	N1b1a
I12847	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2591	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	K1a4a1
I21853	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2464	Sicily, Selinunte	J-Z35779	J2a1a2b2a2b2~	N1a1a1a
I22095	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2589	Sicily, Birgi	J-Y29673	J2a2a1a~	T2c1d1
I22232	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2403	Sicily, Motya	J-Y36180	J2a1a1a2b2a1b1~	HV0a
I22235	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2620	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV0+195
I22236	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2528	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	V
I24556	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2492	Sicily, Birgi	E-CTS5265	E1b1b1b2a1a1a~	H5d
I24675	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2582	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1a1
I24676	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2596	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H
I24678	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2599	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	N1b1a
I4798	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2442	Sicily, Motya	J-Z600	J2b2a1	I6
I4799	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2442	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	X2m
I4800	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2554	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	..
I7762	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2576	Sicily, Motya	R-S7402	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1b	K1
I21854	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2380	Sicily, Selinunte	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2b
I19192	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2486	Sicily, Selinunte	LT	LT	J1c
I12848	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2290	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	E-CTS1273	E1b1b1a1b1	R0a
I21197	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2224	Sicily, Selinunte	L-L595	L	K1a17
I21855	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2235	Sicily, Selinunte	R-PF6652	R1b1a1b1a1a2	HV0f
I21857	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2224	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1	T2
I24555	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2238	Sicily, Birgi	R-L2	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1	H
I19194	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2231	Sicily, Selinunte	I-Y64375	I2a1a1a2a1a~	U6a7a2
I21194	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2244	Sicily, Selinunte	C-Y10490	C1a2a2	X3a
I21195	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2318	Sicily, Selinunte	E-BY8832	E1b1b1a1a2	U3c
I21851	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2244	Sicily, Palermo	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U5b1+16189+@16192​
I19178	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2333	Sicily, Palermo	..	..	n/a (<2x)
I19190	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Selinunte	..	..	H1
I21967	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H60a
I21971	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	E-Z21068	E1b1b1b1b	H4a
I7261	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1	T2b32
I7262	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I7263	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U3a2a
I7267	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	..	..	n/a (<2x cov)
I7453	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	T-L162	T1a1	L1b1a
I7648	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2350	Sicily, Motya	I-P78	I2a1b1a2a1	H
I7650	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2350	Sicily, Motya	R-M269	R1b1a1b	J2a1a1
I7651	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2350	Sicily, Motya	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J2b1
I8039	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	V25
I21968	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - low coverage	2500	Sicily, Marsala	E-M123	E1b1b1b2a1	H
I7258	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - low coverage	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	..	..	n/a (<2x cov)
I7260	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - low coverage	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x)
I7763	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - low coverage	2350	Sicily, Motya	..	..	K1a3a
I8038	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - low coverage	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	CT	CT	V
I24673	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	L1b1a+189
I24672	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	R-Z145	R1b1a1b1a1a2	H13b1+200
I24674	Italy_Sicily_Punic	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	R-Z205	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a~	H1e2c
I12844	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2086	Sicily, Motya	R-Z2124	R1a1a1b2a2	HV0+195
I12665	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2082	Sicily, Birgi	J-Y17947	J2a1a1a2b2a2b2~	H14a2
I12846	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2092	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-CTS2617	R1b1a1b1a1a2	K1a2
I21859	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2094	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-CTS9050	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1a	H1b
I7454	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2160	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H5a
I8577	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2105	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1a1
I21856	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2184	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Z1828	J1	HV1a3
I21850	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1996	Sicily, Palermo	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1	H3w
I24554	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1998	Sicily, Birgi	E-Y37089	E1b1b1b2b	I1b
I12664	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1838	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H83
I12849	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1790	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H4a1a
I21858	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2071	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z209	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1a	H4a
I24671	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2077	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Z631	J2b2a1a1a1a1a1a	H13a1a1
I24679	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2077	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z645	R1a1a1	T2
I21970	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1646	Sicily, Marsala	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	L0a1a
I24557	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1682	Sicily, Birgi	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1ak1
I24680	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1680	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z2108	R1b1a1b1b3	U1a1a
I7265	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1732	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Y169874	J1a2a1b1~	R0a
I22000	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1658	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1a
I22001	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1650	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1a
I24558	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1799	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J1c
I18401	Spain_IA_Roman_oAfrica1	Not analyzed - uncertain context	1875	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H5b
I18204	Spain_IA_Roman_oAfrica2_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	1875	Almería	F	F	H1
I26842	Spain_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Málaga	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U5b1+16189+@16192​
I26915	Spain_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Málaga	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H10
I27077	Spain_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2250	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U5a
I27610	Spain_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Ibiza, Ses Païsses de Cala d'Hort	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1n1a
I14891	Spain_Punic_African_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2301	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	..	..	n/a (<2x)
I12517	Spain_Punic_Early_oEurope	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2594	Cádiz	R-L151	R1b1a1b1a1a	H3
I22082	Spain_Punic_Late	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2151	Granada, Almuñécar	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U3c
I26844	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Málaga	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H10
I26931	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2239	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2a1b1a2
I26932	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	J-PF5177	J2a1a1b1a1a	HV0+195
I27613	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2225	Ibiza, Ses Païsses de Cala d'Hort	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H5
I8135	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2241	Cádiz, San Fernando	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J2a1a1c
I27602	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2340	Ibiza, Can Marines	R-P312	R1b1a1b1a1a2	H1e
I27075	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2250	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	J	J	HV0+195
I22081	Spain_Punic_Late_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2151	Granada, Almuñécar, Puente Noy	..	..	n/a (<2x)
I22086	Spain_Punic_Late_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2151	Granada, Almuñécar, Puente Noy	..	..	n/a (<2x)
I18199	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2226	Almería	E-V22	E1b1b1a1b2	H1e1a
I18201	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2554	Almería	E-BY7452	E1b1b1a1b2c1a~	I4a
I18203	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2225	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H15a1b
I18200	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U5b2a2a
I18202	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Almería	E-V65	E1b1b1a1	H15a1
I27619	Spain_Punic_Late_o1	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H3
I18189	Spain_Punic_Late_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2221	Almería	E-P147	E1	U6a1b2
I18193	Spain_Punic_Late_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2218	Almería	T-Y37311	T1a1a1a1	U5b1e
I27618	Spain_Punic_Late_oLNBA	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2301	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV0f
I12042	Spain_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2301	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	CT	CT	J1c
I14889	Spain_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2301	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U5a2+16294
I27608	Spain_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2350	Ibiza, Ses Païsses de Cala d'Hort	..	..	n/a (<2x coverage)
I27612	Spain_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2350	Ibiza, Ses Païsses de Cala d'Hort	..	..	n/a (<2x coverage)
I27614	Spain_Punic_o2	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Ibiza, Ses Païsses de Cala d'Hort	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H2
I27620	Spain_Punic_oLNBA	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	R-Z2573	R1b1a1b1a1a2a	HV0a
I30080	Spain_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - low coverage	2350	Malaga	R-M269	R1b1a1b	n/a (<2x cov)
I18205	Spain_Punic_Roman_oAfrica3	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	1875	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1+152
I18191	Spain_Punic_Roman_oEuropean2	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	1875	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1q3
I12854	Spain_Punic1_contam_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2150	Cádiz, Teatro Andalucía	n/a (sex unknown)	n/a (sex unknown)	H3c3
I12852	Spain_Punic2_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2250	Cádiz, Villa Maruja	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I18198	Spain_Roman_oAfrica2	non-Punic context - Roman period	1850	Almería	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	L3f1b
I15434	Spain_Roman_oEurope	non-Punic context - Roman period	2071	Cádiz, San Fernando	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	J1b1a1
I28502	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2224	Carthage	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	K1a+195
I24032	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2357	Kerkouane	J-PH502	J2b2a1a1a1b2~	H7a1
I24193	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2492	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I24199	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2388	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T2b
I35325	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2278	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H3
I35327	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2226	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	T2b37
I35336	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2270	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H5a
I24049	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2499	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV0+195
I24045	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2503	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	I5
I24213	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2381	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H41a
I28504	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2337	Carthage	R-L51	R1b1a1b1a	U4b1b1
I24041	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2430	Kerkouane	J-Z38240	J2b2a1a1a1b~	H1ag
I24040	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2547	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I35285	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	K1a4
I35287	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	K1a30
I35328	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	U6a7c1
I35329	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	n/a (<2x coverage)
I35338	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	K1a
I35339	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H1bo
I35342	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	JT
I35343	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H
I35344	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	V15
I35345	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H1e1
I24029	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H5
I24047	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	J-Y14434	J2a1a2b2a2b2~	H74
I24189	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	W4
I24192	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	T1b
I24194	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	E-Y6720	E1b1b1b2a1a1a1a1f~	H1
I24196	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	G-Z6494	G2a2a1a2a1a1	X2b+226
I24048	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I24200	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	T-Y6033	T1a2	T2b
I24033	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2343	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	M1a1b1
I24039	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2379	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	L3e2
I24208	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2407	Kerkouane	G-PF3345	G2a2b2a1a1	H1e6
I24215	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2505	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U6c1
I24031	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2485	Kerkouane	R-Y7777	R1b	T2b
I24044	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2225	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	HV13a
I24187	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	J-Z2324	J1a2a1a2d2b~	H1cj
I28503	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2337	Carthage	IJK	IJK	n/a (<2x coverage)
I35286	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	T2b3
I24493	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2500	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x coverage)
I28626	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2250	Carthage	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x coverage)
I28627	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2250	Carthage	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	n/a (<2x coverage)
I24494	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2464	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	H1
I35340	Tunisia_Punic_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2275	Tunis, Carthage	..	..	H5a
I24205	Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2442	Kerkouane	T-PF7443	T1a1a1a1	U6a3e
I24206	Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2434	Kerkouane	E-Y20219	E1a1a2d~	H1v
I24036	Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2591	Kerkouane	n/a (female)	n/a (female)	U6a6b1
I31735	Tunisia_Punic_oAfrican	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2250	Carthage	I-Y21971	I2a1a1a1a1b3~	J2a2d

​

 

[Maciamo]

Now here are the samples classified by Y-DNA haplogroup (all female samples excluded).

Most Punic/Carthaginian samples do not have much Levantine autosomal DNA, but most carry Levantine Y-DNA nonetheless. The way I see it is that the original Phoenician colonists who settled around North Africa, Sicily and Sardinia in the few centuries after 1200 BCE were primarily men who took on local wives. Their sons also married local women, and so on, so that after a few generations most of their genetic make-up would be local, while retaining lots of Levantine (Phoenician) Y-DNA.

Genetic ID	Group ID	Analysis category	Date mean in BP	Locality	Y-DNA	Y-haplogroup
I22094	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_oNAfrica	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Sardinia, Tharros	C	C
I21194	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2244	Sicily, Selinunte	C-Y10490	C1a2a2
I8038	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	CT	CT
I12042	Spain_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2301	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	CT	CT
I18189	Spain_Punic_Late_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2221	Almería	E-P147	E1
I24206	Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2434	Kerkouane	E-Y20219	E1a1a2d~
I18202	Spain_Punic_Late_o.3rd.degree.relative.cluster	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Almería	E-V65	E1b1b1a1
I22118	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2589	Sardinia, Tharros	E-Z1919	E1b1b1a1
I11788	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-V12	E1b1b1a1a1
I11794	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2542	Akhziv	E-Y2862	E1b1b1a1a1c1b~
I21195	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2318	Sicily, Selinunte	E-BY8832	E1b1b1a1a2
I12848	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2290	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	E-CTS1273	E1b1b1a1b1
I22122	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2419	Sardinia, Tharros	E-L1250	E1b1b1a1b2
I22253	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-V22	E1b1b1a1b2
I18199	Spain_Punic_Late_o.3rd.degree.relative.cluster	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2226	Almería	E-V22	E1b1b1a1b2
I22260	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	E-Y20282	E1b1b1a1b2a4b~
I18201	Spain_Punic_Late_o.3rd.degree.relative.cluster	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2554	Almería	E-BY7452	E1b1b1a1b2c1a~
I21971	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	E-Z21068	E1b1b1b1b
I21968	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2500	Sicily, Marsala	E-M123	E1b1b1b2a1
I24556	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2492	Sicily, Birgi	E-CTS5265	E1b1b1b2a1a1a~
I24194	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	E-Y6720	E1b1b1b2a1a1a1a1f~
I24554	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1998	Sicily, Birgi	E-Y37089	E1b1b1b2b
I18204	Spain_IA_Roman_oAfrica2_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	1875	Almería	F	F
I22093	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2244	Sardinia, Tharros	G-P15	G2a
I11805	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	G-Z6553	G2a
I24196	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	G-Z6494	G2a2a1a2a1a1
I21987	Italy_Sardinia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2450	Sardinia, Tharros	G-L30	G2a2b
I22090	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_oNAfrica	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Sardinia, Tharros	G-P303	G2a2b2a
I24208	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2407	Kerkouane	G-PF3345	G2a2b2a1a1
I22115	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2645	Sardinia, Tharros	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1
I22238	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3705	Sicily, Motya	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1
I21857	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2224	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1
I7261	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1
I21850	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1996	Sicily, Palermo	G-Z1903	G2a2b2a1a1c1
I22114	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oEurope	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2239	Sardinia, Tharros	I	I
I31735	Tunisia_Punic_oAfrican	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2250	Carthage	I-Y21971	I2a1a1a1a1b3~
I19194	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2231	Sicily, Selinunte	I-Y64375	I2a1a1a2a1a~
I7648	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2350	Sicily, Motya	I-P78	I2a1b1a2a1
I22091	Italy_Sardinia_Roman_oCaucasus	non-Punic context - Roman period	1938	Sardinia, Tharros	I-Y16419	I2a2b
I28503	Tunisia_Punic_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2337	Carthage	IJK	IJK
I27075	Spain_Punic_Late_1d.rel.I26932	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2250	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	J	J
I21856	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2184	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Z1828	J1
I24187	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	J-Z2324	J1a2a1a2d2b~
I22254	Israel_Phoenician	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2600	Akhziv	J-ZS4312	J1a2a1a2d2b2a2~
I22119	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Late_oLevant	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2225	Sardinia, Tharros	J-ZS6056	J1a2a1a2d2b2b2~
I7265	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1732	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Y169874	J1a2a1b1~
I22232	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2403	Sicily, Motya	J-Y36180	J2a1a1a2b2a1b1~
I12665	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2082	Sicily, Birgi	J-Y17947	J2a1a1a2b2a2b2~
I26932	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2230	Málaga, Calle Mármoles	J-PF5177	J2a1a1b1a1a
I24047	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	J-Y14434	J2a1a2b2a2b2~
I21853	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2464	Sicily, Selinunte	J-Z35779	J2a1a2b2a2b2~
I22095	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2589	Sicily, Birgi	J-Y29673	J2a2a1a~
I4798	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2442	Sicily, Motya	J-Z600	J2b2a1
I24671	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2077	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	J-Z631	J2b2a1a1a1a1a1a
I24041	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2430	Kerkouane	J-Z38240	J2b2a1a1a1b~
I24032	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2357	Kerkouane	J-PH502	J2b2a1a1a1b2~
I21197	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2224	Sicily, Selinunte	L-L595	L
I19192	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early_lc	Not analyzed - low coverage	2486	Sicily, Selinunte	LT	LT
I24679	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2077	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z645	R1a1a1
I12844	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2086	Sicily, Motya	R-Z2124	R1a1a1b2a2
I24031	Tunisia_Punic_Africa	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2485	Kerkouane	R-Y7777	R1b
I7650	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2350	Sicily, Motya	R-M269	R1b1a1b
I30080	Spain_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - low coverage	2350	Malaga	R-M269	R1b1a1b
I28504	Tunisia_Punic	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2337	Carthage	R-L51	R1b1a1b1a
I22241	Italy_Sicily_MBA	non-Punic context - Sicily MBA	3485	Sicily, Motya	R-Z2118	R1b1a1b1a
I12517	Spain_Punic_Early_oEurope	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2594	Cádiz	R-L151	R1b1a1b1a1a
I12846	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2092	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-CTS2617	R1b1a1b1a1a2
I27602	Spain_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2340	Ibiza, Can Marines	R-P312	R1b1a1b1a1a2
I21855	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2235	Sicily, Selinunte	R-PF6652	R1b1a1b1a1a2
I24672	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible_oEurope	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	R-Z145	R1b1a1b1a1a2
I21964	Italy_Sardinia_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2065	Sardinia, Tharros	R-V3505	R1b1a1b1a1a2a
I27620	Spain_Punic_oLNBA	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2350	Ibiza, Puig des Molins	R-Z2573	R1b1a1b1a1a2a
I21859	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Roman	Phoenician/Punic medium confidence	2094	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-CTS9050	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1a
I21858	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	2071	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z209	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1a
I24674	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible_oEurope	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2500	Sicily, Marsala	R-Z205	R1b1a1b1a1a2a1b1a1a~
I22117	Italy_Sardinia_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2582	Sardinia, Tharros	R-L2	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1
I24555	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Late	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2238	Sicily, Birgi	R-L2	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1
I7762	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Early	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2576	Sicily, Motya	R-S7402	R1b1a1b1a1a2b1c1b
I24680	Italy_Sicily_Roman	non-Punic context - Roman period	1680	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	R-Z2108	R1b1a1b1b3
I7453	Italy_Sicily_Punic_Possible	Not analyzed - uncertain context	2300	Sicily, Marsala, Lilybaeum	T-L162	T1a1
I24205	Tunisia_Punic_oAfricaHigh	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2442	Kerkouane	T-PF7443	T1a1a1a1
I18193	Spain_Punic_Late_oAfrica	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2218	Almería	T-Y37311	T1a1a1a1
I24200	Tunisia_Punic_1d.rel.I24199	Phoenician/Punic high confidence	2500	Kerkouane	T-Y6033	T1a2

 

[Pax Augusta]

No Levantine, but Iranian ancestors.

According to Fernandes et al. (2020): https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7080320/

"Phoenician colonies were established in the Balearic Islands in the Iron Age. The Ibiza individual published in from a collective burial in a Punic hypogeum and dated to 361–178 calBCE is not consistent with forming a clade with any of the Bronze Age Balearic individuals and has a qualitatively different ancestry profile; for example, a North African source of ancestry is required to obtain a fit (our model is 10.8 ± 2.7% Iran_Ganj_Dareh_Neolithic and 89.2 ± 2.7% Morocco_LN ancestry (Morocco Late Neolithic))"

So you're saying that modern North Africans have Iranian ancestors, right?

 

[Pax Augusta]

 

[real expert]

"Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors"​

I believe that this conclusion is overly broad and consequently misleading. It's more realistic that Punic/ Carthaginian people will have varied degrees of Phoenician or Levantine ancestry, ranging from very significant to minor to practically zero. And I predict that the ruling class will have a lot of Phoenician DNA, but the commoners will tend to have little to no Phoenician admixture.

 

[Pax Augusta]

"Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors"​

I believe that this conclusion is overly broad and consequently misleading. It's more realistic that Punic/ Carthaginian people will have varied degrees of Phoenician or Levantine ancestry, ranging from very significant to minor to practically zero. And I predict that the ruling class will have a lot of Phoenician DNA, but the commoners will tend to have little to no Phoenician admixture.

This study disproves the commonplace of complete equivalence between Punics and Phoenicians. That is how it should be read. Then of course there must have been here and there, probably in earlier times, a few Phoenicians in the Punic world, but Phoenician/Punic culture did not spread as believed in the past because there was a mass migration of Phoenicians from Lebanon to the West.

 

[Moja]

So you're saying that modern North Africans have Iranian ancestors, right?

Iranian ancestry in modern North Africans mostly relate to later migrations, like Rustamids.

 

[Hawk]

I find it surprising that the only Y-DNA which ties Phoenician sites from Levant and other Western Mediterranean sites is E-V22. Other one with clear connections is Y-DNA J1a. So, it falsifies the statement of what the paper claims.

I get it that they were quite admixed, Punics were primarily traders and sailors, they were not known for being a primarily martial culture, they were relying on mercenaries, so expectedly on their sites you will find diverse people, but a pattern is still there.

 

[Pax Augusta]

Iranian ancestry in modern North Africans mostly relate to later migrations, like Rustamids.

That is not what that excerpt from a genetic study you posted claims.

 

[Thucydides enjoyer]

I dont understand why the study uses the word "diverse" for punic samples in the title.It is obvious that it wouldnt be possible for Punics of Sardinia to be similar with Punics from Sicily. It is kinda misleading.For example,it is like saying that Greek Colonists from Trabzon are diverse from Greek Colonists from Himera,while there is a common Greek ancestry.It doesnt make any sense to compare samples all across the Carthaginian empire.I think it would be better to have a good number of samples from Carthage,and compare them.

 

[Tautalus]

The paper is allready available in pdf format in the David Reich Lab website.

Punic people were genetically diverse with almost no Levantine ancestors

 

[WHGuy]

It is absolutely bonkers to me that they, once again, do not have downstream calls on the R1b samples.

These models make little sense in my opinion. Steppe Early-Middle Bronze Age to model populations living around 600-50 BC? Why use Early-Middle Bronze Age Sicilians when we have Iron Age Sicilian samples from native cemeteries dating as late as 500-600 BC? Why Iran N as if it still existed in the first millennium BC as a pure population?

The Iranian Neolithic likely would have come from Levantine populations as studies on the Canaanites show Zagros related ancestry combined with Natufian and PPNB ancestries.

 

[Pygmalion]

It is absolutely bonkers to me that they, once again, do not have downstream calls on the R1b samples.

The Iranian Neolithic likely would have come from Levantine populations as studies on the Canaanites show Zagros related ancestry combined with Natufian and PPNB ancestries.

That's exactly one of the reasons why they shouldn't have put it as a potential source, since BA Levantine samples already have Iran N, if you want to use high Iran N populations to model some samples that have higher Iran N than expected, then use contemporary plausible sources with more Iran N than the BA Levant, such as BA or Iron Age Armenia or samples from other parts of the Caucasus, not a population 5000 years older than the samples from this study.

 

[WHGuy]

That's exactly one of the reasons why they shouldn't have put it as a potential source, since BA Levantine samples already have Iran N, if you want to use high Iran N populations to model some samples that have higher Iran N than expected, then use contemporary plausible sources with more Iran N than the BA Levant, such as BA or Iron Age Armenia or samples from other parts of the Caucasus, not a population 5000 years older than the samples from this study.

Undoubtedly the Iran N populations found amongst the Punic peoples are an echo of Levantine ancestry. It is really an odd conclusion, especially in light of other studies that have shown similar "echos" in other populations, see the survey of Philistine DNA.

 

[Pax Augusta]

Undoubtedly the Iran N populations found amongst the Punic peoples are an echo of Levantine ancestry. It is really an odd conclusion, especially in light of other studies that have shown similar "echos" in other populations, see the survey of Philistine DNA.

Iran N is a component found in the Greek Aegean, and perhaps even in Sicily, since the Middle Bronze Age, at least.

 

[WHGuy]

Iran N is a component found in the Greek Aegean, and perhaps even in Sicily, since the Middle Bronze Age, at least.

But I believe we also see some Levantine haplogroups represented in the study. Obviously the Punic world was very cosmopolitan, by ancient standards, and certainly there is a long and persistent history of Greek merchant activity in the area. It is hard to believe that the Punic culture exists without any genetic component being provided by Levantine peoples.