Genetic study Long-term hunter-gatherer continuity in the Rhine-Meuse region was disrupted by local formation of expansive Bell Beaker groups

Tautalus

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Ethnic group
Portuguese (Luso-Ibero-Celtic)
Y-DNA haplogroup
I2-M223 / I-FTB15368
mtDNA haplogroup
H6a1b2y

Abstract

The first phase of the ancient DNA revolution painted a broad-brush picture of European Holocene prehistory, whereby 6500-4000 BCE, farmers descending from western Anatolians mixed with local hunter-gatherers resulting in 70-100% ancestry turnover, then 3000-2500 BCE people associated with the Corded Ware complex spread steppe ancestry into north-central Europe. We document an exception to this pattern in the wider Rhine-Meuse area in communities in the wetlands, riverine areas, and coastal areas of the western and central Netherlands, Belgium and western Germany, where we assembled genome-wide data for 109 people 8500-1700 BCE. Here, a distinctive population with high hunter-gatherer ancestry (~50%) persisted up to three thousand years later than in continental European regions, reflecting limited incorporation of females of Early European Farmer ancestry into local communities. In the western Netherlands, the arrival of the Corded Ware complex was also exceptional: lowland individuals from settlements adopting Corded Ware pottery had hardly any steppe ancestry, despite a characteristic early Corded Ware Y-chromosome. The limited influx may reflect the unique ecology of the region's river-dominated landscapes, which were not amenable to wholesale adoption of the early Neolithic type of farming introduced by Linearbandkeramik, making it possible for previously established groups to thrive, and creating a persistent but permeable boundary that allowed transfer of ideas and low-level gene flow. This changed with the formation-through-mixture of Bell Beaker using populations ~2500 BCE by fusion of local Rhine-Meuse people (9-17%) and Corded Ware associated migrants of both sexes. Their expansion from the Rhine-Meuse region then had a disruptive impact across a much wider part of northwest Europe, including Britain where its arrival was the main source of a 90-100% replacement of local Neolithic peoples.​
 
PCA
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Haplogroups

Master IDPublicationPeriodSexY haplogroupY haplo (ISOGG v15.73)mtDNA haplo
AAT001PosthYuNature2023MesolithicFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5a2
MPR001PosthYuNature2023MesolithicFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b2a
I7015UnpublishedMesolithicFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b1b
I7018Unpublished MesolithicMI-S21825I2a1a1bU5b2a
DOG001PosthYuNature2023MesolithicMI-Y3259I2a1b1U5b1b
DOG002PosthYuNature2023MesolithicMI-Y3104I2a1a2U5b2a1a
DOG007PosthYuNature2023MesolithicMI-S6724I2a2a~K1e
I7010UnpublishedMesolithicMIIU5b1+16189+@16192
I13024UnpublishedMesolithicFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b2a
SPI001UnpublishedMesolithicMI-SK1271I2a2bU5b2a1a
I12091UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantMI-Y3749I2a1a2K1a4a1b
I12093UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b2b
I12094UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b2b
I17968UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantFn/a (female)n/a (female)H+152
I33738UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantF....H1
I33739UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantF....T2b
SWA001UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantFn/a (female)n/a (female)H1i
SWA002UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantMI-M423I2a1a2N/A
SWA004UnpublishedEN_SwifterbantMI-M423I2a1a2U5b2a1a2
BLR001UnpublishedMN_BaltrumMI-M423I2a1a2K1e
I35542UnpublishedMN_TielFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b1+16189
I35543UnpublishedMN_TielFn/a (female)n/a (female)H1m
I35544UnpublishedMN_TielFn/a (female)n/a (female)n/a (<2x cov)
I1565LipsonNature2017MN_BlatterhohleMI-M838I2a1a1b1b~U5b2b2
I1593LipsonNature2017MN_BlatterhohleMR-V88R1b1bU5b2a2
I1563LipsonNature2017MN_BlatterhohleFn/a (female)n/a (female)H5
I1594LipsonNature2017MN_BlatterhohleMR-V88R1b1bJ1c1b1
I38121UnpublishedMN_HazendonkMCCT2b
I38447UnpublishedMN_HazendonkF....U5b1+16189+@16192
I38448UnpublishedMN_HazendonkMI-L161I2a1a2K1a3a
KH150630ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~U2e1c1
KH150422ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-M423I2a1a2U5b1d2
KH150610ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)H3aa
KH150195_KH150196_KH150616ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)J1c1
KH150204_KH150634ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~J2b1a
KH150287ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S9234I2a2a1aU5a2b4
KH150289ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-M423I2a1a2HV0
KH150613_KH180043ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aJ2b1a2
KH150189_KH150632_KH150636ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~U5b2b2
KH150620ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-BY40578I2a1a1a1~X2c1
KH150625ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)H1
KH150203ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)U4'9
KH150633ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~K1a3
KH150641ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~J1c1
KH150618ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aH7d
KH150614_KH150615ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-M838I2a1a1b1b~J1c3g
KH150640ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)J1c2
KH150627ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)V10
KH150619ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)H3aa
KH150628ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aH7d
KH150190ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aJ1c1
KH150191ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S9234I2a2a1aT2b
KH150193_KH150286ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)U
KH150197ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aT2
KH150198ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S9234I2a2a1aU5b
KH150200ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)HV0a
KH150208_KH150210ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)U
KH150418ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aJ1c2
KH150419ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (sex unknown)n/a (sex unknown)H
KH150612ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S23680I2a1b1bH5
KH150621ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S9234I2a2a1aH
KH150623ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-BY40578I2a1a1a1~X2c1
KH150626ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b1b
KH150629ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~H5u
KH150639ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-S6635I2a2aU5b1h
KH180044ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)U5b3
KH180045ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)K1e
KH150637ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergMI-Y5334I2a2a~K2b1a
KH150635ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)U3a1
KH150622ImmelCommBiol2021MN_WartbergFn/a (female)n/a (female)X2c1
I13627UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMIIH4a1a1a
I7014UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumFn/a (female)n/a (female)H1
I18068Veselka et al 2024MLN_BelgiumMI-Y3259I2a1b1H7d
I21570Veselka et al 2024MLN_BelgiumFn/a (female)n/a (female)T2b
I13657UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-P37I2H7d
I13633UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-Y11222I2a1a1a1~U5a2b4
I13659UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-Y11222I2a1a1a1~J1c5
I13649UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-L158I2a1a1aK1a3a
I13651UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumFn/a (female)n/a (female)K1a4a1
I13654UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI2I2H3an
I13655UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-Y11222I2a1a1a1~H1q
I13656UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-L158I2a1a1aU5b2b2
I13629UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-P37I2H3k1
I13631UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-P37I2U5b2b2
I13638UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-M423I2a1a2J1c5
I13660UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-Y3992I2a1a1a1~U5b2b3
I13635UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-S21825I2a1a1bH1q
I7012UnpublishedMLN_BelgiumMI-L158I2a1a1aH1e
I33741UnpublishedLNA_Vlaardingen/CordedWareFn/a (female)n/a (female)J1c3g
I12896UnpublishedLNA_Vlaardingen/CordedWareFn/a (female)n/a (female)K1a4a1
I12902UnpublishedLNA_Vlaardingen/CordedWareMR-U106R1b1a1b1a1a1H4a1a1a1a
I39211OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2K1a1b2a
I4068OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2U5a2a1
I4069OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2U5a1a1
I4073OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2U5a2b1
I4074OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2H
I4075OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerFn/a (female)n/a (female)H5a1
I5748OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-Z302R1b1a1b1a1a2e2X2b4
I5750OlaldeNature2018LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2K1b1a1+199
I13025PattersonNature2021LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-U106R1b1a1b1a1a1K2b1a
I13026PattersonNature2021LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-M269R1b1a1bJ1b1a1
I13027PattersonNature2021LNB_Bell_BeakerFn/a (female)n/a (female)T2b21
I12900UnpublishedLNB_Bell_BeakerMR-Z302R1b1a1b1a1a2e2U5b2b1a1
I13028PattersonNature2021LNB_Bell_BeakerMR-P312R1b1a1b1a1a2H1a
I4067PattersonNature2021Early Bronze AgeFn/a (female)n/a (female)R1b1
I20063PattersonNature2021Early Bronze AgeFn/a (female)n/a (female)K1b1a
I4076OlaldeNature2018Early Bronze AgeFn/a (female)n/a (female)K1+16362
I4070OlaldeNature2018Early Bronze AgeMR-S263R1b1a1b1a1a1cU5a1b1a
I4071OlaldeNature2018Early Bronze AgeFn/a (female)n/a (female)H6a1a
 
Until CWC & BB, exclusively Y > I2a1 et I2a2 sauf 2 R1b-V88
 
These Dutch Bell-Beakers were the population that led to a 90% demographic replacement in Britain. I expected a lot of R-L21 to show up. Maybe they are the R-P312s that couldn't be subtyped.
 
These Dutch Bell-Beakers were the population that led to a 90% demographic replacement in Britain. I expected a lot of R-L21 to show up. Maybe they are the R-P312s that couldn't be subtyped.
Gaska on Eurogenes doesn't believe in a Netherlands origin of first BB's. Others think that the core of northern BB's was around the central Rhine Germany, what I should accept very easily. ATW BB's genesis isn't a vry simple thing, I think. At some stage Y-R1b-P312 members took the hand on this culture (where from?) and spread it farther, not without mixings. It's true that the most of the BB auDNA colonising Britain came from the Rhine mouth, but not all of them. For L21, it shows up at IA in central Europe, but it doesn't prove it's from there! I should prefer a Gaul origin, concerning a small number of bearers with a small baby boom between LN/EBA on the Channel shores, more in West than in East on the continent (eg: Normandy IA) and a big subsequent one in Britain. It seems that since long ago it was rather Y-R1b-U152 which populated todate northern France and todate Benelux (future Belgae), as in Germany and eastern France.That said, the not subtyped P312 could be L21. It's a pity we cannot know more about them.
 
Gaska had some bizarre ideas about the Bell Beakers, that their languages weren't IE, that R-L51 didn't come from Yamnaya, that R-P312 had Franco-Cantabrian origins, so I wouldn't trust his opinion too much.
But I agree with you that there probably was more than one BB migratory route into Britain.
Despite the genetic profile of the BB populations in Britain closely resembles that of the Rhine-Meuse BB groups, with shared ancestry from Corded Ware-associated groups and local (Rhine-Meuse) Continental European farmers, the paper also refers to the possibility of other migration routes to Britain, based on individuals for whom the CWC + Rhine-Meuse farmers models are not well suited, with a possible origin in the Alps.
The BB likely arrived in Britain through multiple migratory routes, and Northern Gaul could be one of them.
The FTDNA migration map for R-L21 (and parent clades) traces a route that passes through Central Europe, north of the Alps, across Gaul and into Britain via Normandy, which aligns very well with your description of the BB L21 migratory route.​
PGcwsHh.png
 
The latest studies of current populations indicate that the highest rates of P312*, DF27*, U152*, L21* are in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula near the Tagus River and north of the peninsula, right in the epicenter of the Bell Beaker culture, the whole yamnaya hypothesis was wrong from the beginning 90% are R1b-Z2103 and 10% R1a-Z93.

M269* was born in Anatolia-Armenia-South Caucasus in 5,000 BC

L23* was born in the Balkans in 4,500 BC

L51* was born in the Balkans in 4,250 BC

P310* was born in the Aegean - Crete in 4,000 BC

L151* was born in Iberia, Río Tajo 3,800 ac

P312* was born in the North of Iberia 3500 ac

Year 2800 ac Expansion Bell Beaker.

L151, P312, U106*, L21*, DF13*, DF27*, ZZ12*, Z195*, U152*, L2* expand.

The Proto-Lusitanians expanded sailing and Proto-Indo-European, which was always a language of Balkan origin.

It was always taken for granted that the U152 of Portugal was due to later migrations but they have much U152* prior to the Celtic subclades that were actually back.

Indo-European was the Frankish language of the Bell Beaker (Atlantic Bronze) commercial network that lasted from 2,800-1800 ac, when U106, DF13, L2, Z56 and Z195 were divided or the Mycenaean PF7562 had something to do with it.

Only in Iberia there are functional horses of the DA1-U haplogroup, present in the Lusitano horses, the PRE and the wild horses of America exported by the Spaniards that are prior to the DAC domestication of the Z2103 of the steppes of 2,200 AC.

Iberia has always had all the evidence that they were the cradle of the Bell Beakers, you made a very big mental straw for 15 years for four loose tests that classified the subclades U106 and P312 as stepe.
 
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