GENETICS
We can obtain the most general framework of the processes using paleogenetics. When discussing three versions of the IE homeland (in the eastern European steppe, Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia) we should expect corresponding gene flows. It has been a well-established fact that in the Neolithic, the Anatolian genes spread to Europe, from the South Caucasus and western Iran to the steppe, and from the Levant to North Africa88. This alone made it possible to assume the formation of the Indo-Europeans from Anatolia to northwestern Iran, and the Semites in the Levant. It is indicative that steppe genes did not appear in the regions inhabited by the Indo-Europeans.
