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1st — 25 years — 2 ancestors — ~3,800 cM 2nd — 50 years — 4 ancestors — ~1,700 cM 3rd — 75 years — 8 ancestors — ~850 cM 4th — 100 years — 16 ancestors — ~425 cM 5th — 125 years — 32 ancestors — ~213 cM 6th — 150 years — 64 ancestors — ~106 cM 7th — 175 years — 128 ancestors — ~53 cM 8th...

“Year 2300, 200 years after World War III. 95% of historical data was lost, and the new world order distorted what happened in order to legitimize its sovereignty. Revolutionary scientists try to estimate which country invented the iPhone in order to understand the technological leap that 100...

It’s not that I deny steppe migrations per se — what I’m specifically rejecting are Yamnaya migrations as they are commonly portrayed. The problem is that an oversimplified narrative has spread across the internet, and it’s becoming increasingly inaccurate over time. A story was built around a...

Honestly, I don’t think the article adds anything genuinely new to the origin of horse domestication. It looks more like yet another attempt to force the Yamnaya narrative to fit. Not only does it fail to add new samples, but it also completely omits all the material introduced in the 2025...

That argument about the Reconquista is completely false, and I keep coming across it on X and forums. They are distorted and made-up extrapolations based on the 2019 study “Patterns of genetic differentiation and traces of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula.” I think that same paper...

The idea that Arthur gave it to Henry I was a joke😁; they always included King Arthur in their invented stories to justify anything. Someone writing that the shield with lions was granted at his wedding, 50 years after the supposed event, is meaningless on paper. In any case, the empirical...

De Alfonso VII no existe ni una sola prueba, pero sí Múltiples monedas de 1126. Nadie funda un reino y empieza a acuñar monedas diez años después. Utilizar una fecha intermedia de su reinado para datar modelos no es lo mismo que calcular el promedio de radiocarbono de un cadáver; en este caso...

From Alfonso VII there is not a single piece of evidence, there are multiple coins from 1126. No one starts a kingdom and begins minting coins 10 years later. Using a mid-point date of his reign to date models is not the same as taking a radiocarbon average from a corpse; in this case, an object...

EHU002 is the sacred cow of Iberian archaeogenetics, and it is not properly represented—assigning it 60% “Steppe-related” is a distortion of an autosomal mixture created to keep the steppe migration narrative alive. However, after 20,000 published ancient DNA samples, a total of zero (0) samples...

The article does not state that diseases arrived with carriers of the “Steppe-related” ancestry. Evidence of diseases is found in four individuals between Phase 1 (3) and Phase 2 (1), which would correspond to roughly 3400–2500 BC.

Inbreeding in itself does not always reduce IQ; IQ is a much more cultural factor. Studies on monozygotic twins prove this: if you took two twins born in deep Africa, from the worst society you can imagine with an average IQ of 70, and you left one with his native population, he would behave...

They change drastically in projections that use only SNPs from a single Y lineage, such as J2-L26 and only derived clades. In an STR-based PCA where different haplogroups such as E, J, I, or R are mixed, the result will resemble an autosomal PCA. This is the case in this study. Option 1 is...

So, what they did by mixing all the Y-STRs makes absolutely no sense when there is already a terminal SNP like J2>L26>L923. STR mixes should only be done within the same SNP clade, not mixing J1 with J2 and R1b as they did in this case. By simply looking at the SNP, the date, and the...

MMDS projections do not drastically change the overall positioning compared to an autosomal PCA. The Portuguese, Spanish, Basques, and Italians are distributed very similarly to an autosomal PCA because both populations share more than 50% of ZZ11>, but Sephardic Jews, who autosomally position...

E-V13 appears to be very large, even more than what we have seen so far. Based on FTDNA data, more than half of the samples are currently classified as V13>BY3880, but one-third of Greek V13 and half of the total Italian V13 are not >BY3880. BY3880 consolidated 15 branches from around 2200 BC...

It’s not that they aren’t autosomally Greek; rather, they represent the segment of J2>L26 that migrated from the Caucasus region (Maikop, Kura-Araxes, or nearby) to the Aegean between 4000–2000 BC and did not mix with other populations high in EEF, unlike the rest of the Greeks. By retaining...

I’ve come up with an example so that everyone can understand the current problem with PCAs and the bias that is applied to each study, and how to correct that bias in order to understand in a neutral way the problems you have with modelling. This should not focus on building random...

The study looks like it’s from 2005; they’ve scanned STRs as if the SNPs weren’t already documented. I think it’s by far the most anachronistic study I’ve seen to date. There are many studies like this whose purpose is unclear, and I don’t think even the authors really know what they were...

It’s curious that you have more matches with people from Extremadura and León than with Galicians, even being so close to them, but anything is possible. Deep down, all populations with high rates of DF27 clades are very mixed. 4,700 uninterrupted years allow for many internal migrations. We...

DF27 is possibly the largest P312 subclade among all P312s, with a TMRCA around 2700 BC. It splits into two main branches: Z195, which is more prevalent in the Mediterranean (Iberians), and ZZ12, which is more prevalent in the Atlantic region. Around 50% of the Portuguese population carry DF27...