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This is why I prefer to look to the actual busts and statues that were built during or very close to the lifetimes of these emperors. That's the closest you will ever get to the truth of the matter. The color restoration route is just an added bonus thanks to the now widespread use of...

Yes, the last one is ridiculous and doesn't even look quite human. The audacity of some to posit some of these as serious portrayals is a good joke.

Subflavum (less than blonde) in this case would simply mean brown. I've actually had this debate with individuals who are dead set convinced that Augustus was a blonde haired and blue eyed "nord" or "nordic type" supposedly representative of some sort of Northern European epoch of the Roman...

In my opinion this is really poorly done. An enormous amount of the emperors of European background (Italian or otherwise) have particularly odd dark skin tones which simply do not look natural whatsoever in this depiction. Commodus and Marcus Aurelius almost look half black and Hadrian is...

Yes, and from my recollection they were sacked specifically for the reason that a stronghold of Moorish occupation & Islam was considered intolerable.

The Islamic population was enslaved and sold into the North African slave markets by the reign Frederick II. It's no surprise, but whatever Arabic and North African populations would've been living in Sicily prior to that point would've been deported in this fashion. We all know that modern...

If I recall correctly, Neolithic Calabrese samples show close association with Neolithic Greeks, i.e. populations which had very low to zero WHG like ancestry. This is rather different than the significant levels of WHG found in Northern and Central Italy during the neolithic. G being a...

From the thesis itself: "Notable, genetic outliers from the first period suggest potential Greek gene flow or incorporation of Greeks into the local Oenotrian population." And this aligns with what we've seen so far in central italy. These outliers presumably relate to one of the two pedigrees...

People associate WHG ancesty with geographical northerness due to the fact that in modern populations, southern europeans have near 0% of it outside of Iberia, but it is retained more significantly in central europe and scandanavia in broad measure. It just so happens that WHG ancestry saw more...

The problem with this type of thinking from linguists is that they assume languages are a perfect/near perfect proxy for autosomal genetic structure when it is not and has never been. The differences between the Modern N. Italians/IA Picene/Illyrian group vs the Latin/Tarquina Etruscan group is...

It will always depend on what sources and calculator you use so it's all relative. That's the hard part with these discussions. Every single topic discussed either in good faith or bad hinges around the idea that participants are using the exact same limited source populations with the same...

Which is again evidencing the idea that the original Proto-italics migrated not directly south from places like France, Austria or Southern Germany, but instead west, settling and moving through the Julian March from the direction of the Carpathian Basin before heavily diluting or displacing...

Right. In this era the Magna Graecian colonies were still a blossoming demographic phenomenon and direct migrants from the aegean to these colonial cities would've been exceedingly common. This influx of Greek demography would continue until roughly the beginnings of the Alexandrian era from...

I'm grateful that we're looking at as many as 200 samples but also somewhat disappointed that they don't cover the Middle Bronze Age to the Final Bronze Age. A lot of large archaeological shifts occur within said time frame. Thanks for posting.

Hypothesis C seems much more likely to me than trying to claim that trace amounts of EHG which may or may not exist in BA Anatolia was responsible for a language overturn. The more reliable pattern I see is PIE speakers appearing after large sums of Caucasian introgression. The steppe simply...

Yep. Northern Italics also have a little less Barcin as well in comparison.

Yes. This implies that they are not random admixtures, but a distinct profile that existed in the EIA and some of these individuals ended up as merchants, slaves or various workers in foreign towns. The most obvious source to me here is Magna Graecian given the locations. There are likely...

Yes, the Celts certainly were not as singular of an entity as many have assumed them to be. I don't disagree with you here. That being said I have qualms about the association of a supposed monoethnic Celtic identity with the Golaseccan/Lepontic peoples on the basis of fragmentary language...

More Picene-like than the Etruscans that have been reported on so far, yes. Northern Etruscans in Po valley remain to be seen until this study comes out in full. In my opinion it's very possible Felsina could also be Picene-like or perhaps somewhere between Picene like and the Etruscans of...

I think the urban graveyard effect typically reduces genetic variability over time at the exclusion of foreign elements which is what we seem to be seeing with this study and many others in contrast to the cumulative effect theory. Effectively without a substantial colonization to drastically...