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With a state (centralized or city-state), with cities, laws, writing? Where?

a) R1b comes from Upper Paleolithic Siberians (Ancestral North Eurasians or just ANE), R1b were present in some Tarim Basin early mummies (90% ANE ancestry). Native Americans and native Siberians are the present-day people more close to the ANE. b) It's a paper of 2012 and talks about...

Minoan and Etruscan are my favorite ancient European cultures too. Regardless of language (at least as far as the Etruscans are concerned, Minoan language has not yet been deciphered) it was they who introduced civilized societies to Europe, without them there would not be Greek or Roman...

When Reich said the Yamnaya had two distinct gene flows, he didn't say the two were paternal, he could be referring (it is more probable) to a paternal and a maternal one (paternal: EHG, matetrnal: CHG/Iran_N). It is the maternal (CHG/Iran_N) that we find in Bronze Age Anatolia mixed with the...

It's Reich that is opposed to PIE from Steppe, because he will probably have elements that prove it. Let's wait for the papers to come out and we will see.

But this is nothing new, that's basically what he said in the lecture at the israeli Institute: "the steppe served only as a secondary staging area of Indo-European language dispersal".

Exactly. It's unbelievable that there are still people using the g25.

Citation of Reich himself from the Israel Institute for Advance Studies: "Our comprehensive sampling shows that Anatolia received hardly any genetic input from Europe or the Eurasian steppe from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age [...] The IMPERMEABILITY of Anatolia to exogenous migration...

No, it is by no means a stupid question, on the contrary, if the PIE entered from the south, I think this is the most logical explanation: it was the women of the Caucasus/Iran who introduced it to the steppe.

Tarim phenotype The blonde hair phenotype in the tarim mummies can only be from the Late Bronze Age onwards (Andronovo), because the earlier ones had darker hair. Quote from EurekAlert! - "5,000-year population history of Xinjiang brought to light in new ancient DNA study": "The majority of...

The blonde hair phenotype in the tarim mummies can only be from the Late Bronze Age onwards (Andronovo), because the earlier ones had darker hair. Quote from EurekAlert! - "5,000-year population history of Xinjiang brought to light in new ancient DNA study": "The majority of individuals...

That's what I feared: Nordicists now have a strong argument for continuing to link the origin of Indo-European languages to the Nordic race. According to their (false) logic: "the studied mummies were not Nordic, so it is natural that they were not Indo-European". :frown:

You are correct. My mistake, I'm very sorry.

Please don't put in my mouth things I never said: I never said modern Iberians were direct descendants of the Etruscans. "Genetically close" does not necessarily mean "direct descendants". The true descendants of the Etruscans are the modern central Italians. In any case, the Etruscans may have...

Perhaps this shows that the expansion of Indo-European languages in Europe was a much more complex process than the simplistic theory of the horsemen of the pontic steppe.

No, they are not pre-Moorish era samples. They are modern people samples, and the impact of the "Moorish" genetics on modern Iberians is very small: only 5% - 6% and not in all Iberia (north-eastern Spain and Basque Country appears to have received no genetic influx from North Africa). Thus, the...

Edited by Moderator: Duplicate post.