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Why do all the current admixture and PCA calculators have errors? Between 8000–4000 BC there are four major mixes: Anatolian Neolithic Farmer Western Hunter-Gatherer Eastern Hunter-Gatherer Eastern Early Farmer These four mixes are poorly calibrated because the ratio of all the people who...

No man, I’m not scientifically claiming that the deities existed; they’re just analogies to explain the high degree of endogamy among the Etruscans and all those populations of elitist origin. Mythologies are overwhelmingly indicative, and only now are we starting to have tools that allow us to...

I made that exact same face when you asked me for “G25” coordinates. The problem you have is in your understanding of Y-chromosome phylogeny. Everything you think you know about DNA, you’ve learned through circular reasoning on forums that are just that — nothing more than circular reasoning...

I think you’re still not fully grasping what I’m saying at a deeper level. Deus is NOT ex machina, it is ZZ11. ZZ11 is the ultimate reproductive predator in the entire history of the Mediterranean. This is not an opinion — currently, easily more than 180 million men descend from him. Zeus is...

The Chinese usually rely on SNP predictors; most likely this is a misclassified P310*. The first people to spread horse domestication with haplogroup D* were located in the western area of the Black Sea, near present-day Romania, around 3800 BC; that is the region where P310* originated. It...

But that fits perfectly with what I’m speculating: the Etruscans did not mix until some time after the beginning of Rome, 700–400 BC, at which point some of their elites started to intermarry, as in the example I gave. A U152 with six great-great-grandparents U152 marries a mixed...

I don’t like G25; I’ve seen many anachronisms in its estimates. The interactive PCA created by Jovialis helps to visually illustrate what I’m referring to. Ancient Greeks and Italics overlap in the area corresponding to what was historically Magna Grecia. All of these populations (in the...

“Rassena” was the term the Etruscans used to refer to themselves; “Etruscan” was the term the Romans used to refer to the Rassena. Being their self-designation, the term was applied to the whole area for being the “oldest” focal point of the Bell Beaker U152> descendants. By simple order, the...

U152 is a macro-haplogroup; without proper refinement everything looks the same. However, Etruscans, Latins, Umbrians, and Picenes cannot share the same clades. We will only be able to differentiate them through large-scale population studies specifically designed for this purpose. We all know...

Model Italians using ancient German and Eastern Levantine samples? Sadly, this is not the first time I’ve read something like this. The damage that the Anglo-Saxons have done to archaeogenetics with their circular “Knights of the Round Table” reasoning is insane—especially on internet forums...

Less than 100 years ago, an Austrian man holding Mendel’s laws in his hands was in more danger than a monkey with a gun. Less than 100 years later… amateurs in archaeogenetics are more dangerous than a monkey with a gun (which is why haplogroups are not published in papers). You should not...

When dealing with populations, it is more important to know where the data come from and their main context than the data themselves. Broadly speaking, exactly the same thing happens as with vote counts in politics. Scientific data are very precise because they follow methodologies based on...

I don’t remember anymore, these maps always use data from scientific papers as a base and then adjust the clades with data from private DNA companies. They’re never precise, only approximate.

The underlying problem is that P312* is a macro>macro>macro>haplogroup of 210 million. L21 is a macrohaplogroup, 60 million. ZZ11* is the meta-macro>haplogroup of 170 million. DF27 is the macrohaplogroup, 120 million. U152 is a macrohaplogroup of 50 million. L2 is a macrohaplogroup, 30...

I usually only look at the raw data and draw conclusions before reading the article, and I always end up with a completely different picture from the speculations discussed in the paper. My conclusions: All the males belong to haplogroups of direct Neolithic ancestry and appear to be the last...

My “hate” toward the academics who keep defending the steppe theory out of inertia is obvious because I’m absolutely fed up with running into AI-generated YouTube videos that talk about that whole process in a totally distorted way, citing papers from 2018 without taking into account current...

Ethnicity: set of Y haplogroup + mt. Race: set of Y haplogroup + mt (+ language, + ethical/political/religious cult, + geographic location) The concept of race that circulates most in popular knowledge is the Anglo-Saxon one, the inventors of scientific racism. Because of them, the rest of...

The percentages of “steppe” are, in most cases, misinterpreted; it’s a very archaic and broad term, nothing precise. That modeling was created in reference to the L51* specimen from 2800 BC in Samara from the 2018 Bell Beakers article. There are no populations with more than 40% “steppe”; the...

^^ This is exactly what I meant when I said that classifying Y chromosomes by ethnicity is a sensitive topic that can offend many people. I’ll explain why I categorized them this way: M417 has roughly 40 million males spread across Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia, while Z284...

Distributing ethnicities based on the Y chromosome is a topic that can upset many people. Personally, I would categorize them as follows: 1–Hispanic: R1b-DF27 2–Italic: R1b-U152 3–Bretonic: R1b-L21 4–Germanic: R1b-U106 | I1-M253 5–Slavic: R1a-M417 6–Balkan: E-V13 | R1b-Z2109 | R1b-PF7563 |...